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Stress, memory, and implications for major depression
Geovan Menezes deSousaJ?niorabHector David QuinonesVargasabFl?vio FreitasBarbosacdNicole LeiteGalv?o-Coelhoabe
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113410
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113410
The stress response comprises a phylogenetically conserved set of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral responses that evolved as a survival strategy. In this context, the memory of stressful events would be adaptive as it could avoid re-exposure to an adverse event, otherwise the event would be facilitated in positively stressful or non-distressful conditions. However, the interaction between stress and memory comprises complex responses, some of them which are not yet completely understood, and which depend on several factors such as the memory system that is recruited, the nature and duration of the stressful event, as well as the timing in which this interaction takes place. In this narrative review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms of the stress response, the main memory systems, and its neural correlates. Then, we show how stress, through the action of its biochemical mediators, influences memory systems and mnemonic processes. Finally, we make use of major depressive disorder to explore the possible implications of non-adaptive interactions between stress and memory to psychiatric disorders, as well as possible roles for memory studies in the field of psychiatry.
Cannabinoids and sleep-wake cycle: The potential role of serotonin
SalarVaseghiabShirinArjmandi-RadcMohammadNasehiaMohammad-RezaZarrindastbd
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113440
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113440
Cannabis sativa (Marijuana) has a long history as a medicinal plant and ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC) is the most active component in this plant. Cannabinoids are interesting compounds with various modulatory effects on physiological processes and cognitive functions. The use of cannabinoids is a double-edged sword, because they induce both adverse and therapeutic properties. One of the most important roles of cannabinoids is modulating sleep-wake cycle. Sleep, its cycle, and its mechanism are highly unknown. Also, the effects of cannabinoids on sleep-wake cycle are so inconsistent. Thus, understanding the role of cannabinoids in modulating sleep-wake cycle is a critical scientific goal. Cannabinoids interact with many neurotransmitter systems. In this review article, we chose serotonin due to its important role in regulating sleep-wake cycle. We found that the interaction between cannabinoids and serotonergic signaling especially in the dorsal raphe is extensive, unknown, and controversial.
Global cerebral ischemia in adolescent male Long Evans rats: Effects of vanillic acid supplementation on stress response, emotionality, and visuospatial memory
AlexandreMorinMarilouPoitrasHélènePlamondon
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113403
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113403
The developmental period is critical in delineating plastic response to internal and external events. However, neurobehavioural effects of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in the maturing brain remain largely unknown. This study characterised the effects of GCI experienced at puberty on adulthood (1) hippocampus CA1 neuronal damage, (2) cognitive and emotional impairments, and (3) glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. Effects of adolescent exposure to the phenol vanillic acid (VA) on post-ischemic outcomes were also determined. Male Long Evans rats (n = 35) were supplemented for 21 consecutive days (postnatal days 33–53) with VA (91 mg/kg) or nut paste vehicle (control) prior to a 10-min GCI or sham surgery. As adults, rats were tested in the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated-Plus Maze (EPM), and Barnes Maze (BM). GR expression was determined in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), CA1, and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and brain injury assessed via CA1 neuronal density. Adolescent GCI exposure induced extensive hippocampal CA1 injury, which was not prevented by VA supplementation. Behaviourally, GCI increased EPM exploration while having no impact on spatial memory. VA intake increased OFT peripheral exploration. Notably, while no delayed changes in CA1 and PVN GR immunoreactivity were noted, both treatments separately increased BLA GR expression when compared with sham-nut paste rats. Age at GCI occurrence plays a critical role on post-ischemic impairments. The observation of minimal functional impairments despite important CA1 neuronal damage supports use of compensatory mechanisms. Our findings also show daily VA supplementation during adolescence to have no protective effects on post-ischemic outcomes, contrasting adult intake.
Chronic sleep deprivation exacerbates cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
ChunWangaWen-RuiGaoaJingYinaZhao-JunWangaJin-ShunQiaHong-YanCaibMei-NaWua
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113400
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113400
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deficits. Sleep deprivation (SD) could lead to memory deficits, and it was a candidate risk factor for AD. However, the effects of chronic SD on the cognitive functions of AD model mice and its possible mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, 8-month-old male APP/PS1 transgenic mice and wild type (WT) littermates were subjected to chronic SD by using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), with 20 h of SD each day for 21 days. Then, the effects of chronic SD on cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice were tested by using behavioral tests, the potential mechanisms were investigated by in vivo electrophysiological recording, western blot and immunochemistry. The results showed that chronic SD obviously aggravated the cognitive impairments, exacerbated in vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) suppression, reduced the expression level of PSD95, increased amyloid-? (A?) protein deposition and overactivated microglia in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. These results indicate that chronic SD exacerbates the cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice by accelerating the development of AD pathologies, reducing the expression of PSD95 and aggravating the LTP suppression in hippocampus. At the same time, chronic SD also impaired cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity in WT mice through down-regulating the level of PSD95 and activating microglia. These findings further clarify the electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms of exacerbated cognitive deficits in AD caused by chronic SD.
Proteomic and metabolomic characterization of amygdala in chronic social defeat stress rats
LiFanab1LiningYangc1XuemeiLiab1TengTengabYajieXiangabXueerLiuabYuanliangJiangbdYinglinZhueXinyuZhoubdPengXieab
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113407
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113407
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide. There is increasing evidence showing that depression is associated with the pathophysiology in amygdala; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.
GPS-profiling of retrograde navigational impairments associated with hippocampal lesion in homing pigeons
AnnaGagliardoaSilviaColomboaEnricaPollonaraaGiovanniCasiniaMaria GraziaRossinoaMartinWikelskibcVerner P.Bingmande
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113408
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113408
The avian hippocampal formation (HF) is homologous to the mammalian hippocampus and plays a central role in the control of spatial cognition. In homing pigeons, HF supports navigation by familiar landmarks and landscape features. However, what has remained relatively unexplored is the importance of HF for the retention of previously acquired spatial information. For example, to date, no systematic GPS-tracking studies on the retention of HF-dependent navigational memory in homing pigeons have been performed. Therefore, the current study was designed to compare the pre- and post-surgical navigational performance of sham-lesioned control and HF-lesioned pigeons tracked from three different sites located in different directions with respect to home. The pre- and post-surgical comparison of the pigeons’ flight paths near the release sites and before reaching the area surrounding the home loft (4 km radius from the loft) revealed that the control and HF-lesioned pigeons displayed similarly successful retention. By contrast, the HF-lesioned pigeons displayed dramatically and consistently impaired retention in navigating to their home loft during the terminal phase of the homing flight near home, i.e., where navigation is supported by memory for landmark and landscape features. The data demonstrate that HF lesions lead to a dramatic loss of pre-surgically acquired landmark and landscape navigational information while sparing those mechanisms associated with navigation from locations distant from home.
Medial or lateral orbitofrontal cortex activation during fear extinction differentially regulates fear renewal
Cheng-WeiShihabChun-huiChangab
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113412
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113412
Some anxiety-related disorders, such as panic disorder, specific phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), develop because of the poor regulation and inappropriate expression of fear-related behavior at the wrong place and wrong time. In clinical settings, exposure therapy, which consists of repeated presentation of trauma-related stimuli without real threats in the therapeutic context, is commonly used to treat these disorders. However, 30–50 % of patients suffer from the recurrence of anxiety symptoms after they leave the therapeutic context. This behavioral phenomenon is called renewal. In this study, ABA Pavlovian fear renewal paradigm was used to assess the role of the aberrant orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation, a symptom of OCD patients, on fear regulation in laboratory settings. The rats were fear conditioned in one context (context A), extinguished to the tones in another context (context B), and then tested in either context A or B. During extinction, rats were subjected to lateral or medial OFC activation. We found that rats that underwent extinction with either lateral or medial OFC activation were unable to use the context to determine whether it was a safe or dangerous context during renewal test. Interestingly, the rats with lateral OFC activation during extinction showed generally high fear, whereas the rats with medial OFC activation during extinction showed generally low fear. In conclusion, our results suggested that aberrant activation of specifically the lateral OFC may have a negative impact during exposure therapy treatments and results in their poor regulation of fear-related behavior.
Deficits in multi-scale top-down processes distorting auditory perception in schizophrenia
FuyinYangabHaoZhubcLingfangYudWeihongLudChenZhangdXingTianbc
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113411
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113411
Cognitive models postulate that impaired source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processes and causes hallucinations. However, the underlying mechanisms of the interaction, such as whether the incorrectly weighting is ubiquitously on all levels of sensory features and whether different top-down processes have distinct effects in subgroups of schizophrenia are still unclear. This study investigates how multi-scale predictions influence perception of basic tonal features in schizophrenia. Sixty-three schizophrenia patients with and without symptoms of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), and thirty healthy controls identified target tones in noise at the end of tone sequences. Predictions of different timescales were manipulated by either an alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequences (long-term regularity) or a repetition between the target tone and the tone immediately before (short-term repetition). The sensitivity index, d prime (d’), was obtained to assess the modulation of predictions on tone identification. Patients with AVHs showed higher d’ when the target tones conformed to the long-term regularity of alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequence than when the target tones were inconsistent with the pattern. Whereas, the short-term repetition modulated the tone identification in patients without AVHs. Predictions did not influence tone identification in healthy controls. Our results suggest that impaired source monitoring in schizophrenia patients with AVHs heavily weights top-down predictions over bottom-up perceptual processes to form incorrect perception. The weighting function in source monitoring can extend to the processes of basic tonal features, and predictions at multiple timescales could differentially modulate perception in different clinical populations. The impaired interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes might underlie the development of hallucination symptoms in schizophrenia.
Higher functional connectivity between prefrontal regions and the dorsal attention network predicts absence of renewal
SilkeLissekMartinTegenthoff
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113413
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113413
Renewal describes the recovery of an extinguished response when extinction and recall contexts differ, demonstrating the context-dependency of extinction. The unexpected outcome change during extinction presumably directs attention to the context and promotes renewal. Accordingly, studies show that context processing for renewal is modulated by salience of and attention to context. Besides context-processing hippocampus, renewal involves ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus, which mediate response processing. Since showing renewal is a trait-like processing tendency, individuals with and without renewal may differ in resting-state functional connectivity of prefrontal regions with networks mediating attentional and salience processing.
Learning to cricket hunt by the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus): Skilled movements of the hands and mouth in cricket capture and consumption
LiamGalvinBehrooMirza AghaMuhammadSalehMaid H.MohajeraniIan Q.Whishaw
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113404
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113404
Although the mouse (Mus musculus) is preyed upon by many other species of animals, it is also a predator and will hunt and consume crickets. There has been no previous description of how mice learn to hunt and no report on the extent to which they use their hands and mouth to assist prey capture and these were the objectives of the present study. Mice given one cricket each day displayed decreasing hunt times over 25-days for three phases of a hunt: investigate, in which a mouse explored and periodically encounter a cricket and often bit at it; pursue, in which a mouse’s approach remained focused on the cricket until it was captured; and consume, in which the cricket was handled, decapitated, its core eaten, with its shell discarded. Although visual and auditory cues may contribute to locating a cricket, the vibrissae appeared to provide guidance in pursuit and capture when the cricket and mouse were proximate. Cricket capture involved extensive collaborative use of the mouth and the hands and mice could initiate capture with either the mouth or hands. Handling to eat involved manipulating the cricket into a head-up, ventrum-in position for decapitation and selective eating of the core of the cricket. The results are discussed in relation to mouse learning of a complex natural behavior, the use of tactile cues in the species-specific behavior of predation, and the contributions of the hands and mouth to predation.
Viscous field training induces after effects but hinders recovery of overground locomotion following spinal cord injury in rats
Nathan D.NeckelabHainingDaia
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113415
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113415
Robotic-assisted gait training was able to improve the unassisted overground locomotion of rats following a cervical spinal cord injury. Specifically, four weeks of daily step training in the Robomedica Rodent Robotic Motor Performance System, where the device actively guided the hindlimbs through a pre-injury stepping pattern while the rats walked over a moving treadmill belt in a quadrupedal posture, was able to improve unassisted overground locomotion as measured by the CatWalk gait analysis device. Unfortunately the improvements were minimal. In fact, control animals that received only body weight supported treadmill training and no active robotic forces showed an even greater restoration of unassisted overground locomotion. This led us to further investigate the effects of the specific forces used in rehabilitative training. The robotic training device was modified to apply assistive (negative viscosity) or resistive (viscous) fields in lieu of the standard active guidance. Within the device, daily training with a viscous field resulted in small, constrained steps that were similar to pre-injury steps. However, when the robot was off for weekly assessments, the steps opened up and deviated away from pre-injury levels. Training in a negative viscosity field produced the opposite effect; large open steps that were unlike pre-injury during daily training, and constrained steps that were more like pre-injury during weekly assessment. These training induced after-effects washed out 2 weeks after the cessation of training. Additionally, these distinct after effects seen in the training device did not translate to distinct differences in the recovery of unassisted overground locomotion, with the body weight supported treadmill training controls showing the greatest recovery of overground locomotion. Still, the fact that different applied forces can induce different after effects has interesting implications for rehabilitative training – is it better to have healthy looking steps during training only to induce abnormal after effects, or have abnormal performance during training but with desirable after effects? The data presented here is the first step in addressing this question.
?3-adrenoceptor activation exhibits a dual effect on behaviors and glutamate receptor function in the prefrontal cortex
XuanSunaXingWangaHou-ChengZhoubJianZhengaYun-XiaoSuaFeiLuoa
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113417
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113417
?-adrenoceptor (?-AR), especially the ?1- and ?2-AR subtypes, is known to participate in stress-related behavioral changes. Recently, SR58611A, a brain-penetrant ?3-AR agonist, exhibits anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. In this study, we sought to study the role of SR58611A in behavioral changes and its potential cellular and molecular mechanism in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We found that rats with SR58611A (1?mg/kg) enhanced PFC-mediated recognition memory, whereas administration of higher dosage of SR58611A (20?mg/kg) caused hyperlocomotion, and exhibited an impairment effect on recognition memory. Electrophysiological data also indicated that SR58611A (1?mg/kg) selectively enhanced NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) through interacting with norepinephrine (NE) system and activating ?3-AR, whereas higher dosage of SR58611A (20?mg/kg) reduced both AMPA receptor- and NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC. SR58611A-induced different effects on EPSC linked with the change of the surface expression quantity of NMDA receptor and/or AMPA receptor subunits. Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), which is a key soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein involved in incorporation of NMDA receptor to postsynaptic membrane, contributed to SR58611A (1?mg/kg)-induced enhancement of recognition memory and NMDA receptor function. Moreover, SR58611A (1?mg/kg) could rescue repeated stress-induced defect of both recognition memory and NMDA receptor function through a SNAP-25-dependent mechanism. These results provide a potential mechanism underlying the cognitive-enhancing effects of SR58611A (1?mg/kg).
Psychosocial impairment following mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats
Nicholas S.Raceab1Katharine D.Andrewsbcd1Elizabeth A.Lungwitzcd1Sasha M.Vega Alvareze1Timothy R.WarnercfGlenAcostagJiayueCaoahKun-hanLuhiZhongmingLiuahiAmy D.DietrichcfSreeparnaMajumdarcdAnanthaShekharcjkWilliam A.TruittcfRiyiShiaeghl
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113405
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113405
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with increased risk for mental health disorders, impacting post-injury quality of life and societal reintegration. TBI is also associated with deficits in psychosocial processing, defined as the cognitive integration of social and emotional behaviors, however little is known about how these deficits manifest and their contributions to post-TBI mental health.
High intensity interval training induces dysregulation of mitochondrial respiratory complex and mitophagy in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice
YuZhanga1BoLiaoa1ShuaiHuaShan-YaoPanaGui-PingWangaYu-LongWangbZheng-HongQincLiLuoa
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113384
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113384
Autophagy is involved in aging-related cognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise training can improve cognitive function in the elderly and this effect may be associated with autophagic mechanisms and mitochondrial respiratory function. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has beneficial effects on heart and skeletal muscles by activating autophagy and/or mitophagy, but the effects of HIIT on autophagy/mitophagy in the aging brain are unknown. This study investigated the effects of HIIT on the mitochondrial respiratory complex and autophagy/mitophagy, and its relation to brain function. Thirteen middle-aged male ICR mice underwent HIIT for 7 weeks. The exercise program reduced the spontaneous behavior and exploration activities of the mice. The phosphorylation level of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) decreased after the 7-week HIIT. Exercise downregulated the protein expression of Complex ? and upregulated the protein expression of Complex ?, Complex ? and Complex ?. HIIT also decreased the expression of mitophagy-related proteins in the mitochondrial fractions of the hippocampus. However, HIIT did not change the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, P62, Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1 and Lamp2 in the total lysate of the hippocampus. These data indicated that HIIT might have negative effects on the plasticity of the hippocampus in middle-aged mice. The effects may be related to the dysregulation of CREB-BDNF signaling, mitochondrial respiratory complex and mitophagy induced by HIIT.
Adaptation of a semantic picture-word interference paradigm for future language mapping with transcranial magnetic stimulation: A behavioural study
MagdalenaJonenaeStefanHeimbcdMarieGrünertaGeorgNeulohaKatrinSakreidaab
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113418
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113418
Neuro-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) helps to identify language-related cortical regions prior to brain tumour surgery. We adapted a semantic picture-word interference (PWI) paradigm from psycholinguistics to high-resolution TMS language mapping which prospectively can be used to specifically address the level of semantic processing. In PWI, pictures are presented along with distractor words which facilitate or inhibit the lexical access to the picture name. These modulatory effects of distractors can be annihilated in language-sensitive areas by the inhibitory effects of TMS on language processing. The rationale here is to observe the distractor effect without active stimulation and then to observe presumably its elimination by interference of the TMS stimulation. The special requirements to use PWI in this setting are (1) identifying word material for accelerating reliably naming latencies, choosing (2) the ideal presentation modality, and (3) the appropriate timing of distractor presentation. These are then controlled in real TMS language mapping. To adapt a semantic PWI naming paradigm for TMS application we employed 30 object-pictures in spoken German language. Part-whole associative semantic related or unrelated distractors were presented in two experiments including 15 healthy volunteers each, once auditorily and once visually. Data analysis across the entire stimulus set revealed a trend for facilitation in the visual condition, whereas no effects were observed for auditory distractors. In a sub-set, we found a significant facilitation effect for visual semantic distractors. Thus, with this study we provide a well-controlled item set for future studies implementing effective TMS language mapping applying visual semantic PWI.
The role of dentate gyrus dopaminergic receptors in the lateral hypothalamic-induced antinociception during persistent inflammatory pain in male rats
FarbodTorkamanda1Ali-MohammadAghakhani-Lobnania1HosseinKhaleghzadeh-AhangarbcMinaRashvanddMohammadRahbandAbbasHaghparastd
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113434
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113434
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is one of the key brain areas involved in pain modulation. Also, the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus expresses various receptors, including dopaminergic receptors. Dopaminergic receptors play a key role in pain transmission and modulation within the brain. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of DG dopaminergic receptors in the LH-induced antinociception during the presence of inflammatory pain. Male Wistar rats were used in this study. Cannulae were unilaterally implanted in their skull for microinjections into the LH and DG. The LH was chemically stimulated by carbachol injection (250 nM/0.5 ?l saline). In separate groups, different doses (0.25, 1, and 4 ?g/0.5 ?l vehicle) of the D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and Sulpiride, respectively) were microinjected into the DG, 5 min prior to intra-LH injection of carbachol. Five min after the second injection, formalin test as a persistent inflammatory pain model in animals was done in all rats. The results revealed that carbachol could induce antinociception following formalin injection into rat’s hind paw. The 4 ?g dose of both antagonists significantly reduced the LH stimulation-induced antinociception in both phases of formalin pain responses. Although the 1 ?g dose of sulpiride significantly reduced antinociception during both phases, 1 ?g SCH23390 could only reduce this antinociception during the late phase. These findings demonstrate the involvement of DG dopaminergic receptors in the LH-induced antinociception. The results also suggest that the effectiveness of DG dopaminergic receptors is more pronounced during the late phase of formalin-induced pain responses.
Contribution of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurometabolites to the motor performance
RyokiSasakiabHirakuWatanabeaShotaMiyaguchiacNaofumiOtsuruacKenOhnodNorikoSakuraidNaokiKodamaadHideakiOnishiac
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113433
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113433
Individual motor performance ability is affected by various factors. Although the key factor has not yet completely been elucidated, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotype as well as neurometabolites may become contibuting factors depending on the learning stage. We investigated the effects of the Met allele of the BDNF gene and those of the neurometabolites on visuomotor learning. In total, 43 healthy participants performed a visuomotor learning task consisting of 10 blocks using the right index finger (Val66Val, n = 15; Val66Met, n = 15; and Met66Met, n = 13). Glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) concentrations in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and cerebellum were evaluated using 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 19 participants who participated in the visuomotor learning task. For the learning stage, the task error (i.e., learning ability) was significantly smaller in the Met66Met group compared with that observed in the remaining groups, irrespective of the learning stage (all p values < 0.003). A significant difference was observed between the Val66Val and Met66Met groups in the learning slope (i.e., learning speed) in the early learning stage (p = 0.048) but not in the late learning stage (all p values> 0.54). Moreover, positive correlations were detected between the learning slope and Glx concentrations in S1 only in the early learning stage (r = 0.579, p = 0.009). The BDNF genotype and Glx concentrations in S1 partially contribute to interindividual variability on learning speed in the early learning stage.
Caffeine consumption improves motor and cognitive performances during dual tasking in middle-aged women
RabebLaatarFatmaBen WaerHaithemRebaiSoniaSahli
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113437
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113437
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of caffeine consumption (CC) on cognitive motor interference while walking and maintaining balance in middle-aged women.
Vocal and physical phenotypes of calsyntenin2 knockout mouse pups model early-life symptoms of the autism spectrum disorder
Anna V.KlenovaaIlya A.VolodinabElena V.VolodinabSvetlana V.RannevacTamara G.AmstislavskayadTatiana V.Lipinae
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113430
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113430
This study discovered a novel acoustic phenotype in Calsyntenin2 deficient knockout (Clstn2-KO) pups in the neurodevelopment period of 5–9 postnatal days (PND 5–9). The narrowband ultrasonic calls (nUSVs) were less complex (mostly one-note, shorter in duration and higher in peak frequency) in Clsnt2-KO than in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 J pups. The wideband ultrasonic calls (wUSVs) were produced substantially more often by Clstn2-KO than WT pups. The clicks were longer in duration and higher in peak frequency and power quartiles in Clstn2-KO pups. The elevated discomfort due to additional two-minute maternal separation coupled with experimenter’s touch, resulted in significantly higher call rates of both nUSVs and clicks in pups of both genotypes and sexes compared to the previous two-minute maternal separation, whereas the call rate of wUSVs was not affected. In Clstn2-KO pups, the prevalence of emission of wUSVs retained at both sex and both degrees of discomfort, thus providing a reliable quantitative acoustic indicator for this genetic line. Besides the acoustic differences, we also detected the increased head-to-body ratio in Clstn2-KO pups. Altogether, this study demonstrated that lack of such synaptic adhesion protein as calsyntenin2 affects neurodevelopment of vocalization in a mouse as a model organism.
Do congruent lip movements facilitate speech processing in a dynamic audiovisual multi-talker scenario? An ERP study with older and younger adults
AlexandraBegauLaura-IsabelleKlattEdmundWascherDanielSchneiderStephanGetzmann
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113436
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113436
In natural conversations, visible mouth and lip movements play an important role in speech comprehension. There is evidence that visual speech information improves speech comprehension, especially for older adults and under difficult listening conditions. However, the neurocognitive basis is still poorly understood. The present EEG experiment investigated the benefits of audiovisual speech in a dynamic cocktail-party scenario with 22 (aged 20–34 years) younger and 20 (aged 55–74 years) older participants. We presented three simultaneously talking faces with a varying amount of visual speech input (still faces, visually unspecific and audiovisually congruent). In a two-alternative forced-choice task, participants had to discriminate target words (“yes” or “no”) among two distractors (one-digit number words). In half of the experimental blocks, the target was always presented from a central position, in the other half, occasional switches to a lateral position could occur. We investigated behavioral and electrophysiological modulations due to age, location switches and the content of visual information, analyzing response times and accuracy as well as the P1, N1, P2, N2 event-related potentials (ERPs) and the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the EEG. We found that audiovisually congruent speech information improved performance and modulated ERP amplitudes in both age groups, suggesting enhanced preparation and integration of the subsequent auditory input. In the older group, larger amplitude measures were found in early phases of processing (P1-N1). Here, amplitude measures were reduced in response to audiovisually congruent stimuli. In later processing phases (P2-N2) we found decreased amplitude measures in the older group, while an amplitude reduction for audiovisually congruent compared to visually unspecific stimuli was still observable. However, these benefits were only observed as long as no location switches occurred, leading to enhanced amplitude measures in later processing phases (P2-N2). To conclude, meaningful visual information in a multi-talker setting, when presented from the expected location, is shown to be beneficial for both younger and older adults.
Blockade of the kinin B1 receptor counteracts the depressive-like behaviour and mechanical allodynia in ovariectomised mice
Izaquede Souza Macielabd1Vanessa MachadoAzevedobPatriciaOlibonibcMaria MarthaCamposabc
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113439
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113439
Menopause is related to a decline in ovarian oestrogen production, affecting the perception of the somatosensory stimuli, changing the immune-inflammatory systems, and triggering depressive symptoms. It has been demonstrated that the inhibition of the kinin B1 and B2 receptors (B1R and B2R) prevented the depressive-like behaviour and the mechanical allodynia that was induced by immune-inflammatory mediators in mice. However, there is no evidence regarding the role of the kinin receptors in the depressive-like and nociceptive behaviour in female mice that were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). This study has shown that the OVX mice developed time-related mechanical allodynia, together with an increased immobility time as indicative of depression. Both of these changes were reduced by the genetic deletion of B1R, or by the pharmacological blockade of the selective kinin B1R antagonist R-715 (acute, i.p.). The genetic deletion or the pharmacological inhibition of B2R (HOE 140, i.p.) did not prevent the OVX-elicited behavioural changes. The data has suggested a particular modulation of kinin B1R in the nociceptive and depressive-like behaviour in the OVX mice. The selective inhibition of the B1R receptor may be a new pharmacological target for treating pain and depression symptoms in women during the perimenopause/menopause period.
Maternal behavior, novelty confrontation, and subcortical c-Fos expression during lactation period are shaped by gestational environment
Mauricio A.N??ez-Murrietaa1PaulaNoguezb1Genaro A.Coria-AvilacFabioGarc?a-Garc?adJuanSantiago-Garc?aeVictoria E.Bolado-Garc?afAleph A.Corona-Moralesf
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113432
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113432
The environmental context during gestation may modulate the postpartum variations in maternal behaviors observed within different animal species. Most of our experimental knowledge on this phenomenon and its physiological effects have been gained by confronting the pregnant mother with stressful situations, with the consensual results indicating a reduced maternal behavior and a hyper reactivity of stress-related neural paths. Here, in contrast, by exposing nulliparous rats strictly during pregnancy to a standard laboratory environment (STD) or a highly stimulating sensory and social environment (EE), we investigated the hypothesis that subjects frequently exposed to social stimuli and novel situations during pregnancy will show postpartum changes in subcortical brain areas’ activity related to the processing of social stimuli and novelty, such that there will be modifications in maternal behavior. We found that EE mothers doubled the levels of licking and grooming, and active hovering over pups during the first postpartum week than STD dams, without a difference in the time of contact with the pups. Associated with these behaviors, EE dams showed increased c-Fos immunoreaction in hypothalamic nuclei and distinct responses in amygdalar nuclei, than STD dams. In the maternal defensive test, EE dams tripled the levels of aggressive behaviors of the STD rats. Additionally, in two different tests, EE mothers showed lower levels of postpartum anxiety-like behaviors when confronted with novel situations. Our results demonstrate that the activity of brain areas related to social behavior is adaptable by environmental circumstances experienced during gestation, presumably to prepare the progeny for these particular conditions.
BNST and amygdala connectivity are altered during threat anticipation in schizophrenia
BrandeeFeolaabMaureenMcHugoaKristanArmstrongaMadison P.NoallaElizabeth A.FlookaNeil D.WoodwardaStephanHeckersaJennifer UrbanoBlackfordac
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113428
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113428
In schizophrenia, impairments in affect are prominent and anxiety disorders are prevalent. Neuroimaging studies of fear and anxiety in schizophrenia have focused on the amygdala and show alterations in connectivity. Emerging evidence suggests that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) also plays a critical role in anxiety, especially during anticipation of an unpredictable threat; however, previous studies have not examined the BNST in schizophrenia. In the present study, we examined BNST function and connectivity in people with schizophrenia (n = 31; n = 15 with comorbid anxiety) and controls (n = 15) during anticipation of unpredictable and predictable threat. A secondary analysis tested for differences in activation and connectivity of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which has also been implicated in threat anticipation. Analyses tested for group differences in both activation and connectivity during anticipation of unpredictable threat and predictable threat (p < .05). Relative to controls, individuals with schizophrenia showed stronger BNST-middle temporal gyrus (MTG) connectivity during unpredictable threat anticipation and stronger BNST-MTG and BNST-dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity during predictable threat anticipation. Comparing subgroups of individuals with schizophrenia and a comorbid anxiety disorder (SZ+ANX) to those without an anxiety disorder (SZ-ANX) revealed broader patterns of altered connectivity. During unpredictable threat anticipation, the SZ+ANX group had stronger BNST connectivity with regions of the salience network (insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex). During predictable threat anticipation, the SZ+ANX group had stronger BNST connectivity with regions associated with fear processing (insula, extended amygdala, prefrontal cortex). A secondary CeA analysis revealed a different pattern; the SZ+ANX group had weaker CeA connectivity across multiple brain regions during threat anticipation compared to the SZ-ANX group. These findings provide novel evidence for altered functional connectivity during threat anticipation in schizophrenia, especially in individuals with comorbid anxiety.
Behavioural and cerebral asymmetries of mirror movements are specific to rhythmic task and related to higher attentional and executive control
JosephTisseyreDavidAmarantiniJessicaTallet
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113429
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113429
Mirror movements (MM) refer to the involuntary movements or contractions occurring in homologous muscles contralateral to the unilateral voluntary movements. This behavioural manifestation increases in elderly. In right-handed adults, some studies report asymmetry in MM production, with greater MM in the right dominant hand during voluntary movements of the left non-dominant hand than the opposite. However, other studies report contradictory results, suggesting that MM asymmetry could depend on the characteristics of the task. The present study investigates the behavioural asymmetry of MM and its associated cerebral correlates during a rhythmic task and a non-rhythmic task using low-force contractions (i.e., 25 % MVC). We determined the quantity and the intensity of MM using electromyography (EMG) and cerebral correlates through electroencephalography (EEG) in right-handed healthy young and middle-aged adults during unimanual rhythmic vs. non-rhythmic tasks. Overall, results revealed (1) behavioural asymmetry of MM specific to the rhythmic task and irrespective of age, (2) cerebral asymmetry of motor activations specific to the rhythmic task and irrespective of age and (3) greater attentional and executive activations in the rhythmic task compared to the non-rhythmic task. In line with our hypotheses, behavioural and cerebral motor asymmetries of MM seem to be specific to the rhythmic task. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive-motor interactions: greater attentional and executive control required in the rhythmic tasks could contribute to the increased occurrence of involuntary movements in both young and middle-aged adults.
Spatial working memory in rats: Crucial role of the hippocampus in the allothetic place avoidance alternation task demanding stimuli segregation
WeronikaDudaMa?gorzataW?sierska
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113414
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113414
Working memory is a construct that contains goal maintenance, interference control and memory capacity domains. Spatial working memory in presence of conflicting stimuli requires segregation and maintenance of the relevant information about a goal over a short period of time. Besides the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus is an anatomical substrate for the working memory. We hypothesized that in a highly challenging task, where spatial stimuli are in a conflict and only some of them describe the goal location, the spatial working memory will be strongly dependant on the hippocampus. To verify this, we used an allothetic place avoidance alternation task (APAAT). Performance of this task demands a small number of entries and a long maximum time avoided between consecutive entries to the shock sector. These parameters reflected both domains of working memory. The experiment was conducted on hippocampal lesioned (HIPP n?=?12) and sham-operated (CTRL n?=?8) rats trained in four APAAT days, each consisting of four 5-minute stages: habituation, stage1 (st1) and stage2 (st2) of memory training, a 5-minute break followed by a retrieval test. The position of the shock sector was changed each day. The HIPP rats were impaired on both stages of memory training, whereas CTRL rats presented significant memory improvement on stage2. In HIPP rats the cognitive skill learning measured as shock per entrance ratio was compromised. Hippocampal lesions did not impair locomotor activity. In summary, even slight bilateral damage to the hippocampus is blocking working memory formation in a difficult task.
Revisiting the acute effects of resistance exercise on motor imagery ability
ThiagoFerreira Dias KanthackabAymericGuillotacYoannBlacheaFranckDi Rienzoa
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113441
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113441
Motor imagery (MI) shares psychological and physiological similarities with the physical practice of the same action. Yet, it remains unclear whether fatigue elicited by exercise impairs MI ability. Fourteen participants performed MI of a self-paced walking sequence of 22 m before and after a resistance exercise eliciting muscle fatigue from upper and lower limbs, selectively. We indexed MI ability using psychometric and behavioral methods. Electromyography of the quadriceps was also recorded during physical practice trials of the walking sequence. For both experimental conditions, we recorded improved temporal congruence between MI and physical practice of the walking sequence (9.89 %, 95 % CI [7.03, 12.75], p < 0.01). Vividness decreased immediately after the fatiguing exercise (6.35 %, 95 % CI [5.18, 7.51], p < 0.05), before rapidly returning to pre-fatigue values during recovery trials. The results challenge the hypothesis of an effect of acute fatigue elicited by a resistance exercise on MI ability, i.e. restricted to MI tasks focusing fatigued effectors. The beneficial effects of fatigue conditions on the psychometric and behavioral indexes of MI ability are discussed in the broader context of psychobiological fatigue models linking perceived exertion with the reallocation of attentional resources. The general perception of fatigue, rather than local muscle fatigue, appeared linked to the acute effects of resistance exercise on MI ability.
Reduced risk aversion and impaired short-term memory in juvenile rats with malformation of cortical development
Eun-JinKimabMinyoungLeeabMin-JeeKimbMi-SunYumb
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113442
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113442
Malformation of cortical developments (MCDs) is currently an incurable disease and is associated with significant neuropsychological problems, such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, and anxiety disorders from a young age. Development of a suitable animal model and pathophysiological study is therefore necessary to better understand and treat MCDs from being an incurable disease. The Y-maze, open field, and fear conditioning studies were performed at postnatal days 40–44 to validate the behavioral phenotypes of the existing rat model of MCD with prenatal methylazoxymethanol exposure at their developmental period. The study results show that juvenile rats with MCD spent significantly less time inside the novel arms in Y-maze and less time in the peripheral zones of the open field. Additionally, the rats with MCDs showed attenuated freezing behavior to sound and light cues as well as to context after fear conditioning. This comprehensive behavioral analysis of rats with MCDs at the juvenile period indicate a lack of spatial memory, decreased anxiety, and learning disability in these rats, which is compatible with the human behavioral phenotype of MCDs and can be used as the behavioral biomarkers for future translational research.
Histamine H1 receptors regulate anhedonic-like behavior in rats: Involvement of the anterior cingulate and lateral entorhinal cortices
Ilya D.IonovaIrina I.PushinskayabNicholas P.GorevbLarissa A.ShpilevayabDavid D.FrenkelbNicholas N.Severtsevb
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113445
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113445
A decreased H1 receptor activity is observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (aCgCx) of depressed patients. The role of this abnormality in the development of depression-related processes is unstudied. We examined the influence of a decreased brain H1 receptor activity on rat behavior in the sucrose preference test. The H1 receptor deficit was simulated by injection of an H1 antagonist into the aCgCx; also, two aCgCx projection areas, lateral and medial entorhinal cortices were examined. A blockade of H1-receptors in the aCgCx and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEntCx) significantly reduced sucrose preference. These findings suggest the existence of H1 receptor-mediated aCgCx-LEntCx circuitry mechanism regulating anhedonic-like behavior in rats. The presented data suggest that H1 receptor-mediated processes might be a therapeutic target in depressive disorders.
The lesser evil: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer & aversive motivation
Vincent D.Campese
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113431
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113431
While our understanding of appetitive motivation includes accounts of rich cognitive phenomena, such as choice, sensory-specificity and outcome valuation, the same is not true in aversive processes. A highly sophisticated picture has emerged of Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction, but progress in aversive motivation has been somewhat limited to these fundamental behaviors. Many differences between appetitive and aversive stimuli permit different kinds of analyses; a widely used procedure in appetitive studies that can expand the scope of aversive motivation is Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). Recently, this motivational transfer effect has been used to examine issues pertaining to sensory-specificity and the nature of defensive control in avoidance learning. Given enduring controversies and unresolved criticisms surrounding avoidance research, PIT offers a valuable, well-controlled procedure with which to similarly probe this form of motivation. Furthermore, while avoidance itself can be criticized as artificial, PIT can be an effective model for how skills learned through avoidance can be practically applied to encounters with threatening or fearful stimuli and stress. Despite sensory-related challenges presented by the limited aversive unconditioned stimuli typically used in research, transfer testing can nevertheless provide valuable information on the psychological nature of this historically controversial phenomenon.
Understanding addiction: The shift from epistemology to ontology
Matilda Hellman1
doi : 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113416
Volume 412, 27 August 2021, 113416
This essay contrasts a late modernist epistemological paradigm with an ontology-oriented Anthropocene-conscious Approach (ACA) as frameworks for understanding the coming into being and the making of addiction. Operationalizable theories and concepts of addiction have been crucial in an era with a great demand for compartmentalizing and systemically defining psychological struggles and social problems. In the modernistic progress story, the addiction phenomenon materializes through the conceptual division between capacity and non-capacity, with those capable of mastering their urges on one side and those incapable of doing so on the other. The ACA strives actively to move beyond artificial divides between agency/structure, culture/nature, mind/matter and instead explore phenomena ecologically across these continuums. This entails a conscious re-focus away from authoritative human-made assumptions towards new types of knowledge and knowing. In the ACA assemblage-like ontology, different elements are brought together in their capacities to affect each other into entities. Due to its claims of practical uses, I predict that the ACA will become as influential as Foucauldian genealogy in the field of addiction studies.
