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Vaccines and the path to recovery
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00504-5
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page783 (2021)
Nephrology education and training in Africa
Saraladevi Naicker
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00486-4
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page784 (2021)
COVID-19 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients
Sophie Caillard & Olivier Thaunat
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00491-7
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages785–787 (2021)
COVID-19 vaccination in patients receiving dialysis
Benjamin Wilde, Johannes Korth, Michael Jahn & Andreas Kribben
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00499-z
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages788–789 (2021)
COVID-19 vaccination in patients with immunity-mediated kidney disease
Maria Prendecki, Michelle Willicombe & Stephen P. McAdoo
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00502-7
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages790–791 (2021)
Long COVID and kidney disease
Sachin Yende & Chirag R. Parikh
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00487-3
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages792–793 (2021)
Reversal of PKD in mice
Ellen F. Carney
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00509-0
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page794 (2021)
ccRCC–adipose crosstalk in disease pathogenesis
Susan Allison
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00505-4
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page794 (2021)
Neuroprotective effect of RAS inhibitors
Susan Allison
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00506-3
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page794 (2021)
Recipient APOL1 effects on transplant outcomes
Susan Allison
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00507-2
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page794 (2021)
mtDNA variants in Gitelman-like syndrome
Susan Allison
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00508-1
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, page794 (2021)
Unconventional T cells and kidney disease
Hannah Kaminski, Lionel Couzi & Matthias Eberl
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00466-8
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages795–813 (2021)
Unconventional T cells are a diverse and underappreciated group of relatively rare lymphocytes that are distinct from conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that mainly recognize antigens in the absence of classical restriction through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These non-MHC-restricted T cells include mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, ?? T cells and other, often poorly defined, subsets. Depending on the physiological context, unconventional T cells may assume either protective or pathogenic roles in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune responses in the kidney. Accordingly, experimental models and clinical studies have revealed that certain unconventional T cells are potential therapeutic targets, as well as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. The responsiveness of human V?9V?2 T cells and MAIT cells to many microbial pathogens, for example, has implications for early diagnosis, risk stratification and targeted treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. The expansion of non-V?9V?2 ?? T cells during cytomegalovirus infection and their contribution to viral clearance suggest that these cells can be harnessed for immune monitoring and adoptive immunotherapy in kidney transplant recipients. In addition, populations of NKT, MAIT or ?? T cells are involved in the immunopathology of IgA nephropathy and in models of glomerulonephritis, ischaemia–reperfusion injury and kidney transplantation.
Circular RNAs in kidney disease and cancer
Anton Jan van Zonneveld, Malte Kölling, Roel Bijkerk & Johan M. Lorenzen
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00465-9
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages814–826 (2021)
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed regulatory RNAs with a single-stranded circular structure. They are generated by back splicing and their expression can be tightly regulated by RNA binding proteins. Cytoplasmic circRNAs can function as molecular sponges that inhibit microRNA–target interactions and protein function or as templates for the efficient generation of peptides via rolling circle amplification. They can also act as molecular scaffolds that enhance the reaction kinetics of enzyme–substrate interactions. In the nucleus, circRNAs might facilitate chromatin modifications and promote gene expression. CircRNAs are resistant to degradation and can be packaged in extracellular vesicles and transported in the circulation. Initial studies suggest that circRNAs have roles in kidney disease and associated cardiovascular complications. They have been implicated in hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease, glomerular disease, acute kidney injury and kidney allograft rejection, as well as in microvascular and macrovascular complications of chronic kidney disease, including atherosclerotic vascular disease. In addition, several circRNAs have been reported to have oncogenic or tumour suppressor roles or to regulate drug resistance in kidney cancer. The available data suggest that circRNAs could be promising diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and kidney cancer.
Evolutionary genetics and acclimatization in nephrology
Adebowale A. Adeyemo, Daniel Shriner, Amy R. Bentley, Rasheed A. Gbadegesin & Charles N. Rotimi
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00483-7
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages827–839 (2021)
Evolutionary processes, including mutation, migration and natural selection, have influenced the prevalence and distribution of various disorders in humans. However, despite a few well-known examples, such as the APOL1 variants — which have undergone positive genetic selection for their ability to confer resistance to Trypanosoma brucei infection but confer a higher risk of chronic kidney disease — little is known about the effects of evolutionary processes that have shaped genetic variation on kidney disease. An understanding of basic concepts in evolutionary genetics provides an opportunity to consider how findings from ancient and archaic genomes could inform our knowledge of evolution and provide insights into how population migration and genetic admixture have shaped the current distribution and landscape of human kidney-associated diseases. Differences in exposures to infectious agents, environmental toxins, dietary components and climate also have the potential to influence the evolutionary genetics of kidneys. Of note, selective pressure on loci associated with kidney disease is often from non-kidney diseases, and thus it is important to understand how the link between genome-wide selected loci and kidney disease occurs in relation to secondary nephropathies.
The therapeutic potential of apelin in kidney disease
Fiona A. Chapman, Duuamene Nyimanu, Janet J. Maguire, Anthony P. Davenport, David E. Newby & Neeraj Dhaun
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00461-z
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages840–853 (2021)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment for CKD is blockade of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), which reduces blood pressure and proteinuria and slows kidney function decline. Despite this treatment, many patients progress to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or kidney transplantation, and/or die as a result of cardiovascular disease. The apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator that is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. This system comprises the apelin receptor and its two families of endogenous ligands, apelin and elabela/toddler. Preclinical and clinical studies show that apelin receptor ligands are endothelium-dependent vasodilators and potent inotropes, and the apelin system has a reciprocal relationship with the RAAS. In preclinical studies, apelin regulates glomerular haemodynamics and acts on the tubule to promote aquaresis. In addition, apelin is protective in several kidney injury models. Although the apelin system has not yet been studied in patients with CKD, the available data suggest that apelin is a promising potential therapeutic target for kidney disease.
The Mesangial cell — the glomerular stromal cell
Shimrit Avraham, Ben Korin, Jun-Jae Chung, Leif Oxburgh & Andrey S. Shaw
doi : 10.1038/s41581-021-00474-8
Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 17, pages855–864 (2021)
Mesangial cells are stromal cells that are important for kidney glomerular homeostasis and the glomerular response to injury. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that mesenchymal stromal cells, such as stromal fibroblasts, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, not only specify the architecture of tissues but also regulate developmental processes, vascularization and cell fate specification. In addition, through crosstalk with neighbouring cells and indirectly through the remodelling of the matrix, stromal cells can regulate a variety of processes such as immunity, inflammation, regeneration and in the context of maladaptive responses — fibrosis. Insights into the molecular phenotype of kidney mesangial cells suggest that they are a specialized stromal cell of the glomerulus. Here, we review our current understanding of mesenchymal stromal cells and discuss how it informs the function of mesangial cells and their role in disease. These new insights could lead to a better understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis and the development of new therapies for chronic kidney disease.
