Yarrowia lipolytica as an emerging biotechnological chassis for functional sugars biosynthesis

Muhammad BilalORCID Icon,Shuo Xu,Hafiz M. N. IqbalORCID Icon &Hairong Cheng

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1739000

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 535-552 | Published online: 17 Mar 2020

Functional sugars have unique structural and physiological characteristics with applied perspectives for modern biomedical and biotechnological sectors, such as biomedicine, pharmaceutical, cosmeceuticals, green chemistry, and agro-food. They can also be used as starting matrices to produce biologically active metabolites of interests. Though numerous chemical synthesis routes have been proposed and deployed for the synthesis of rare sugars, however, many of them are limited and economically incompetent because of expensive raw starting feedstocks. Whereas, the biosynthesis by enzymatic means are often associated with high catalyst costs and low space-time yields. Microbial production of rare sugars via green routes using bio-renewable resources offers noteworthy solutions to overcome the aforementioned limitations of synthetic and enzymatic synthesis routes. From the microbial-based synthesis perspective, the lipogenic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is rapidly evolving as the most prevalent and unique “non-model organism” in the bio-production arena. Due to high flux tendency through the tri-carboxylic acid cycle intermediates and precursors such as acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, this yeast has been widely investigated to meet the increasing demand of industrially relevant fine chemicals, including functional sugars. Incredible interest in Y. lipolytica originates from its robust tolerance to unstable pH, salt levels, and organic compounds, which subsequently enable easy bioprocess optimization. Meaningfully, GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status creates Y. lipolytica as an attractive and environmentally friendly microbial host for the manufacturing of nutraceuticals, fermented food, and dietary supplements. In this review, we highlight the recent and state-of-the-art research progress on Y. lipolytica as a host to synthesize bio-based compounds of interest beyond the realm of well-known fatty acid production. The unique physicochemical properties, biotechnological applications, and biosynthesis of an array of value-added functional sugars including erythritol, threitol, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, isomaltulose, trehalose, erythrulose, xylitol, and mannitol using sustainable carbon sources are thoroughly vetted. Finally, we conclude with perspectives that would be helpful to engineer Y. lipolytica in greening the twenty-first century biomedical and biotechnological sectors of the modern world.

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Beneficial impact of exercise on bone mass in individuals under calorie restriction: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Habib YarizadehORCID Icon,Sara Asadi,Hussein Baharlooi,Leila Setayesh,Nader Rahimi Kakavandi,Catherine Hambly,Kurosh Djafarian &Khadijeh Mirzaei

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1739620

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 553-565 | Published online: 17 Mar 2020

Background: A major therapeutic goal in weight management should be total body fat reduction whereas as preserving lean body mass and bone mass density. It is uncertain if an exercise program reduces the adverse effects of calorie restriction-induced weight loss in adults.

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Grapes and their derivatives in modulation of cognitive decline: a critical review of epidemiological and randomized-controlled trials in humans

Patrizia Restani,Ursula Fradera,Jean-Claude Ruf,Creina Stockley,Pierre-Louis Teissedre,Simone Biella,Francesca Colombo &Chiara Di Lorenzo 

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1740644

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 566-576 | Published online: 25 Mar 2020

With an increase in life expectancy, the incidence of chronic degenerative pathologies such as dementia has progressively risen. Cognitive impairment leads to the gradual loss of skills, which results in substantial personal and financial cost at the individual and societal levels. Grapes and wines are rich in healthy compounds, which may help to maintain homeostasis and reduce the risk of several chronic illnesses, including dementia. This review analyzed papers that were systematically searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and CAB-Abstract, using the association between grapes (or their derivatives) and their effects on cognitive functions in humans. Analysis was restricted to epidemiological and randomized-controlled studies. Consumption of grape juice (200-500?mL/day) and/or light-to-moderate wine (one to four glasses/day) was generally associated with improved cognitive performance, while the results for other alcoholic beverages were controversial and inconclusive. Bioactive molecules contained in grapes and wine were also considered, with particular attention paid to resveratrol. Due to the relatively high doses required (150-1000?mg/day) for bioactivity coupled with its low bioavailability, resveratrol is only one of the possible grape-derived compounds that may partly underpin the beneficial effects of grapes on the central nervous system.

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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for the improvement of metabolic profiles in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Hui Juan Zheng,Jing Guo,Qiuhong Wang,Liansheng Wang,Yahui Wang,Fan Zhang,Wei-Jun Huang,Wenting Zhang,Wei Jing Liu &Yaoxian Wang 

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1740645

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 577-598 | Published online: 24 Apr 2020

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to quantify the effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as lipid profiles among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Electronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Database, and the Web of Science were searched from January 1, 2000, to May 15, 2019. All RCTs that investigated the effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on a circulating (serum and plasma) inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein [CRP]), oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde [MDA], glutathione [GSH], and total anti-oxidant capacity [TAC]); and lipid profiles (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-c], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c]) among patients with CKD were included. Data were pooled and expressed as a standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The protocol for this meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO; No. CRD42019139090. Thirteen trials that included 671 patients were identified for analysis. The methodological quality varied across studies. Meta-analysis indicated that microbial therapies significantly reduced CRP (SMD, ?0.75; 95% CI, ?1.03 to ?0.47; p?=?0.000), MDA (SMD, ?1.06; 95% CI, ?1.59 to ?0.52; p?=?0.000), TC (SMD, ?0.33; 95% CI, ?0.52 to ?0.13; p?=?0.000), and LDL-c (SMD, ?0.44; 95% CI, ?0.86 to ?0.02; p?=?0.000) levels; they also increased the GSH (SMD, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.65; p?=?0.000), TAC (SMD, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.07 to 1.15; p?=?0.000), and HDL-c (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.87; p?=?0.000) levels in CKD patients, as compared to the placebo groups; however, there was no statistically significant TG concentration among patients with CKD. Subgroup analyses showed that other key factors, such as the duration of intervention, participants’ baseline body mass index (BMI), type of intervention, and age, had an effect of microbial therapies on outcomes. This meta-analysis supports the potential use of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplements in the improvement of established biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as lipid profiles among patients with CKD, which are well-known cardiovascular risk factors. Further research into these interventions should consider the limitations of our study to explore the effect of long-term administration of these supplements in the CKD population.

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Recent nano-, micro- and macrotechnological applications of ultrasonication in food-based systems

Bababode Adesegun Kehinde,Poorva Sharma &Sawinder Kaur

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1740646

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 599-621 | Published online: 25 Mar 2020

There is a neoteric and rising demand for nutritional and functional foods which behooves food processors to adopt processing techniques with optimal conservation of bioactive components in foods and with minimal pernicious impacts on the environment. Ultrasonication, a mechanochemical technique has proven to be an efficacious panacea to these concerns. In this review, an analytic exploration of recent researches and designs regarding ultrasound methodology and equipment on diverse food systems, technological scales, procedural parameters and outcomes of such experimentations optimally scrutinized. The relative effects of ultrasonication on food formulations, components and attributes such as nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, proteins, micronutrients, sensory and mechanical characteristics are evaluatively delineated. In food systems where ultrasonication was employed, it was found to have a remarkable effect on one or more quality parameters. This review is a supplementation to the pedagogical awareness to scholars on the suitability of ultrasonication for research procedures, and a call to industrial food brands on the adoption of this technique for the development of foods with optimally sustained nutrient profiles.

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Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena

Urska Dobersek,Gabrielle Wy,Joshua Adkins,Sydney Altmeyer,Kaitlin Krout,Carl J. Lavie &Edward Archer 

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1741505

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 622-635 | Published online: 20 Apr 2020

Objective: To examine the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health and well-being.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of medium-chain triglycerides effects on acute satiety and food intake

Tyler Maher &Miriam E. Clegg

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1742654

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 636-648 | Published online: 26 Mar 2020

Research has indicated that consuming medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may be more satiating than consuming long-chain triglycerides (LCT) potentially causing a reduction in energy intake. However not all studies have demonstrated this acute reduction in energy intake and it has yet to be systematically reviewed. Our main objective was to examine how ingestion of MCT influences energy intake, subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones compared to LCT. Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINHAL, and Embase were searched for publications comparing the effect of MCT on appetite (commonly hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption), appetite-related hormones (pancreatic polypeptide (PP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, leptin, total ghrelin and active ghrelin) and energy intake to LCT. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on studies which examined energy intake. Seventeen studies (291 participants) were included in the systematic review, of which 11 were included in the energy intake meta-analysis. Synthesis of combined data showed evidence of a statistically significant moderate decrease in ad libitum energy intake after both acute and chronic ingestion of MCT compared to LCT when assessed under laboratory conditions (mean effect size: ?0.444, 95% CI ?0.808, ?0.080, p?<?0.017), despite little evidence of any effect of MCT on subjective appetite ratings or circulating hormones. The current evidence supports the notion that MCT decreases subsequent energy intake, but does not appear to affect appetite. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which MCT reduce energy intake.

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Factors affecting the capsaicinoid profile of hot peppers and biological activity of their non-pungent analogs (Capsinoids) present in sweet peppers

Virgílio Gavicho UarrotaORCID Icon,Marcelo MaraschinORCID Icon,Ângela de Fátima M. de BairrosORCID Icon &Romina PedreschiORCID Icon

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1743642

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 649-665 | Published online: 26 Mar 2020

Capsaicinoids are acid amides of C9–C11 branched-chain fatty acids and vanillylamine and constitute important chemical compounds of Capsicum annuum together with their non-pungent analogs (capsinoids) which have an impressive list of health benefit properties (i.e., analgesia, anti-obesity, thermogenic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-virulence, anti-inflamatory, anti-diabetic, inhibits angiogenesis, and improves glucose metabolism) . In this review, the state of art on how capsaicinoids are affected by different pre- and postharvest factors is discussed together with their biological activity. For instance, high light intensity and heat treatments may reduce capsaicinoid content in fruits probably due to the loss of activity of capsaicin synthase (CS) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). The pungency in peppers varies also with environment, genotype or cultivar, node position, fruiting and maturity stages, nitrogen and potassium contents. As the fruit mature, capsaicinoid levels increase. Fruits from the second node tend to have higher accumulation of pungency than those of other positions and the pungency decreases linearly as the node position increase. Sodium hydroxide treatment reduces the pungency of pepper fruit as it hydrolyzes and modifies one of the features (vanillyl group, the acid-amide linkage and alkyl side chain) of capsaicin molecule. Salt and water stress increase PAL and capsaicin synthase activity and increase the capsaicinoid accumulation in fruit, by negatively regulating peroxidase activity at appropriate levels. Future research must be directed in better understanding the changes of capsinoids during pre and post-harvest management, the causal drivers of the loss of activity of the aminotransferase gene (pAMT) and if possible, studies with genetically modified sweet peppers with functional pAMT. Available data provided in this review can be used in different agricultural programs related to developing new cultivars with specific pungency levels. The contents of capsaicinoids and capsinoids in both fresh fruits and marketed products are also of remarkable importance considering the preferences of certain niches in market where higher added-value products might be commercialized.

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Factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP) in food processing applications

Ehsan FeizollahiORCID Icon,N.N. MisraORCID Icon &M. S. RoopeshORCID Icon

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1743967

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 666-689 | Published online: 25 Mar 2020

Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is an emerging technology in the food industry with a huge antimicrobial potential to improve safety and extend the shelf life of food products. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is a popular approach for generating ACP. Thanks to the numerous advantages of DBD ACP, it is proving to be successful in a number of applications, including microbial decontamination of foods. The antimicrobial efficacy of DBD ACP is influenced by multiple factors. This review presents an overview of ACP sources, with an emphasis on DBD, and an analysis of their antimicrobial efficacy in foods in open atmosphere and in-package modes. Specifically, the influence of process, product, and microbiological factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of DBD ACP are critically reviewed. DBD ACP is a promising technology that can improve food safety with minimal impact on food quality under optimal conditions. Once the issues pertinent to scale-up of plasma sources are appropriately addressed, the DBD ACP technology will find wider adaptation in food industry.

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Dietary polyphenol impact on gut health and microbiota

Murphy L. Y Wan,Vanessa Anna Co &Hani El-Nezami

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1744512

Volume 61, Issue 4, Pages 690-711 | Published online: 25 Mar 2020

Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds in plants and they are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet. Due to their considerable structural diversity, this largely influences their bioavailability. Since a large proportion of polyphenols remains unabsorbed along the gastrointestinal tract, they may accumulate in the large intestine, where most of them are extensively metabolized by the intestinal microbiota. The formation of bioactive polyphenol-derived metabolites may also benefit the health status of the subjects, although the mechanisms have not been delineated. This review aims to highlight the impact of polyphenols on gut health and the modes of action could be through modulation of intestinal barrier function, innate and adaptive immune response, signaling pathways, as well as the ability to modify gut microbiota composition. The review will conclude by presenting future perspective and challenges of polyphenols application in food products to be used for preventing or treating diseases.

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Correction

doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1745397

Volume 61, Issue 4, Page (i) | Published online: 26 Mar 2020

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