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Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Aditi Bhargava, Arthur P Arnold, Debra A Bangasser, Kate M Denton, Arpana Gupta, Lucinda M Hilliard Krause, Emeran A Mayer, Margaret McCarthy, Walter L Miller, Armin Raznahan, Ragini Verma
doi : 10.1210/endrev/bnaa034
Volume 42, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 219–258
In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to “require applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH-funded research involving animals and cells.” Since then, proposed research plans that include animals routinely state that both sexes/genders will be used; however, in many instances, researchers and reviewers are at a loss about the issue of sex differences
Mouse Models of Human Proprotein Convertase Insufficiency
Manita Shakya, Iris Lindberg
doi : 10.1210/endrev/bnaa033
Volume 42, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 259–294
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases.
Praegnatio Perturbatio—Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Vasantha Padmanabhan, Wenhui Song, Muraly Puttabyatappa
doi : 10.1210/endrev/bnaa035
Volume 42, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 295–353
The burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight is considerable across the world. Several risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes have been identified. One risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes receiving considerable attention in recent years is gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Kunal Desai, Jeffrey M McManus, Nima Sharifi
doi : 10.1210/endrev/bnab002
Volume 42, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 354–373
Huggins and Hodges demonstrated the therapeutic effect of gonadal testosterone deprivation in the 1940s and therefore firmly established the concept that prostate cancer is a highly androgen-dependent disease. Since that time, hormonal therapy has undergone iterative advancement, from the types of gonadal testosterone deprivation to modalities that block the generation of adrenal and other extragonadal androgens, to those that directly bind and inhibit the androgen receptor (AR).
Making, Cloning, and the Expression of Human Insulin Genes in Bacteria: The Path to Humulin
Arthur D Riggs
doi : 10.1210/endrev/bnaa029
Volume 42, Issue 3, June 2021, Pages 374–380
In the mid- to late 1970s, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid methods for cloning and expressing genes in E. coli were under intense development. The important question had become: Can humans design and chemically synthesize novel genes that function in bacteria? This question was answered in 1978 and in 1979 with the successful expression in E. coli of 2 mammalian hormones, first somatostatin and then human insulin. The successful production of human insulin in bacteria provided, for the first time, a practical, scalable source of human insulin and resulted in the approval, in 1982, of human insulin for the treatment of diabetics. In this short review, I give my personal view of how the making, cloning, and expressing of human insulin genes was accomplished by a team of scientists led by Keiichi Itakura, Herbert W. Boyer, and myself.
