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Does the Absence of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis Rule Out the Presence of Bacterial Meningitis?
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac367
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages i–ii
Proportion of Incident Genital Human Papillomavirus Detections not Attributable to Transmission and Potentially Attributable to Latent Infections: Implications for Cervical Cancer Screening
TalÃa Malagón, Aaron MacCosham, Ann N Burchell, Mariam El-Zein, Pierre Paul Tellier, François Coutlée, Eduardo L Franco, HITCH Study Group
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab985
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 365–371
Infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may enter a latent state, and eventually become reactivated following loss of immune control. It is unclear what proportion of incident HPV detections are reactivations of previous latent infections vs new transmissions.
Treatment and Outcome in Children With Tuberculous Meningitis: A Multicenter Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group Study
Stephanie Thee, Robindra Basu Roy, Daniel Blázquez-Gamero, Lola Falcón-Neyra, Olaf Neth, Antoni Noguera-Julian, Cristina Lillo, Luisa Galli, Elisabetta Venturini, Danilo Buonsenso, Florian Götzinger, Nuria Martinez-Alier, Svetlana Velizarova, Folke Brinkmann, Steven B Welch, Maria Tsolia, Begoña Santiago-Garcia, Ralph Schilling, Marc Tebruegge, Renate Krüger, ptbnet TB Meningitis Study Group
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab982
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 372–381
Currently, data on treatment, outcome, and prognostic factors in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in Europe are limited. To date, most existing data on TBM originate from adult studies, or studies conducted in low-resource settings.
Optimal Urine Culture Diagnostic Stewardship Practice—Results from an Expert Modified-Delphi Procedure
Kimberly C Claeys, Barbara W Trautner, Surbhi Leekha, K C Coffey, Christopher J Crnich, Dan J Diekema, Mohamad G Fakih, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Kalpana Gupta, Makoto M Jones, Luci Leykum, Stephen Y Liang, Lisa Pineles, Ashley Pleiss, Emily S Spivak, Katie J Suda, Jennifer M Taylor, Chanu Rhee, Daniel J Morgan
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab987
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 382–389
Urine cultures are nonspecific and often lead to misdiagnosis of urinary tract infection and unnecessary antibiotics. Diagnostic stewardship is a set of procedures that modifies test ordering, processing, and reporting in order to optimize diagnosis and downstream treatment. In this study, we aimed to develop expert guidance on best practices for urine culture diagnostic stewardship.
Pivotal Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial of the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Adults Aged ≥18 Years
Brandon Essink, Charu Sabharwal, Kevin Cannon, Robert Frenck, Himal Lal, Xia Xu, Vani Sundaraiyer, Yahong Peng, Lisa Moyer, Michael W Pride, Ingrid L Scully, Kathrin U Jansen, William C Gruber, Daniel A Scott, Wendy Watson
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab990
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 390–398,
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced pneumococcal disease, but disease from non-PCV serotypes remains. The safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 20-valent PCV (PCV20) were evaluated.
Pharmacogenetics of the Late-Onset Efavirenz Neurotoxicity Syndrome (LENS)
Roland van Rensburg, Sam Nightingale, Naeem Brey, Christine H Albertyn, Tracy A Kellermann, Jantjie J Taljaard, Tonya M Esterhuizen, Phumla Z Sinxadi, Eric H Decloedt
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab961
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 399–405
The late-onset efavirenz neurotoxicity syndrome (LENS) presents as ataxia and/or encephalopathy with supratherapeutic efavirenz plasma concentrations (>4 µg/mL). Efavirenz is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), with CYP2A6 as an accessory pathway. We hypothesized that participants with LENS would predominantly be CYP2B6 slow metabolizers. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of CYP2B6 slow metabolizers in participants with LENS.
Piperaquine-Induced QTc Prolongation Decreases With Repeated Monthly Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Dosing in Pregnant Ugandan Women
Emma Hughes, Erika Wallender, Richard Kajubi, Prasanna Jagannathan, Teddy Ochieng, Abel Kakuru, Moses R Kamya, Tamara D Clark, Philip J Rosenthal, Grant Dorsey, Francesca Aweeka, Radojka M Savic
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab965
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 406–415
Intermittent preventive treatment with monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ) is highly effective at preventing both malaria during pregnancy and placental malaria. Piperaquine prolongs the corrected QT interval (QTc), and it is possible that repeated monthly dosing could lead to progressive QTc prolongation. Intensive characterization of the relationship between piperaquine concentration and QTc interval throughout pregnancy can inform effective, safe prevention guidelines.
Maintenance of Measles Elimination Status in the United States for 20 Years Despite Increasing Challenges
Adria D Mathis, Nakia S Clemmons, Susan B Redd, Huong Pham, Jessica Leung, Adam K Wharton, Raydel Anderson, Rebecca J McNall, Elizabeth Rausch-Phung, Jennifer B Rosen, Debra Blog, Jane R Zucker, Bettina Bankamp, Paul A Rota, Manisha Patel, Paul A Gastañaduy
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab979
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 416–424
Measles elimination (interruption of endemic measles virus transmission) in the United States was declared in 2000; however, the number of cases and outbreaks have increased in recent years. We characterized the epidemiology of measles outbreaks and measles transmission patterns after elimination to identify potential gaps in the US measles control program.
Randomized Trial of Metformin With Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs for Early Sputum Conversion in Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Chandrasekaran Padmapriydarsini, Megha Mamulwar, Anant Mohan, Prema Shanmugam, N S Gomathy, Aarti Mane, Urvashi B Singh, Nathella Pavankumar, Abhijeet Kadam, Hemanth Kumar, Chandra Suresh, Devaraju Reddy, Poornaganga Devi, P M Ramesh, Lakshmanan Sekar, Shaheed Jawahar, R K Shandil, Manjula Singh, Jaykumar Menon, Randeep Guleria
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab964
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 425–434
Metformin, by reducing intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, can be considered an adjunctive therapy to anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT). We determined whether metformin with standard ATT reduces time to sputum culture conversion and tissue inflammation in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).
Performance of a Histidine Rich Protein-2 Based (First Response) and a p-Lactate Dehydrogenase-based (Optimal) Rapid Diagnostic Test for Diagnosis of Malaria in Patients With Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease
George O Adjei, Abdul M Sulley, Bamenla Q Goka, Christabel Enweronu-Laryea, Lorna Renner, Michael Alifrangis, Jorgen A L Kurtzhals
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab977
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 435–441
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been extensively evaluated and play an important role in malaria diagnosis. However, the accuracy of RDTs for malaria diagnosis in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is unknown.
Impact of Maternal Pertussis Antibodies on the Infants’ Cellular Immune Responses
Marjolein R P Orije, Irene GarcÃa-Fogeda, Wouter Van Dyck, Véronique Corbière, Françoise Mascart, Ludo Mahieu, Niel Hens, Pierre Van Damme, Nathalie Cools, Benson Ogunjimi, Kirsten Maertens, Elke Leuridan
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab972
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 442–452
Maternal antibody interference of the infant’s humoral immune responses raises some concern to the strategy of maternal Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis [aP]) vaccination. This study assessed the impact of maternal Tdap antibodies on the infant’s pertussis-specific T lymphocyte responses following infant vaccination with an aP containing vaccine, in a term and preterm born cohort.
Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for Patients Coinfected With Chronic Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B in Taiwan: Follow-up at 108 Weeks Posttreatment
Chun Jen Liu, I Shyan Sheen, Chi Yi Chen, Wan Long Chuang, Horng Yuan Wang, Kuo Chih Tseng, Ting Tsung Chang, Jenny Yang, Benedetta Massetto, Vithika Suri, Gregory Camus, Deyuan Jiang, Fangqiu Zhang, Anuj Gaggar, Tsung Hui Hu, Yu Chun Hsu, Gin Ho Lo, Chi Jen Chu, Jyh Jou Chen, Cheng Yuan Peng, Rong Nan Chien, Pei Jer Chen
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab971
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 453–459
For patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals can lead to HBV reactivation. We evaluated HBV reactivation during ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment and 108-week follow-up.
A Statewide Collaborative Quality Initiative to Improve Antibiotic Duration and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Uncomplicated Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Valerie M Vaughn, Tejal N Gandhi, Timothy P Hofer, Lindsay A Petty, Anurag N Malani, Danielle Osterholzer, Lisa E Dumkow, David Ratz, Jennifer K Horowitz, Elizabeth S McLaughlin, Tawny Czilok, Scott A Flanders
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab950
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 460–467
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common cause for hospitalization and antibiotic overuse. We aimed to improve antibiotic duration for CAP across 41 hospitals participating in the Michigan Hospital Medicine Safety Consortium (HMS).
Incubation Period, Spore Shedding Duration, and Symptoms of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotype C Infection in a Foodborne Outbreak in Denmark, 2020
Daniela Michlmayr, LuÃs Alves de Sousa, Luise Müller, Pikka Jokelainen, Steen Ethelberg, Lasse Skafte Vestergaard, Susanne Schjørring, Sarah Mikkelsen, Carl Widstrup Jensen, Lasse Dam Rasmussen, Christen Rune Stensvold
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab949
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 468–475
Microsporidia are rarely reported to cause outbreaks of diarrhea. We describe a foodborne outbreak of microsporidiosis from a workplace canteen in November 2020 in Denmark.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Surveillance and Machine Learning of the Electronic Health Record for Enhanced Healthcare Outbreak Detection
Alexander J Sundermann, Jieshi Chen, Praveen Kumar, Ashley M Ayres, Shu Ting Cho, Chinelo Ezeonwuka, Marissa P Griffith, James K Miller, Mustapha M Mustapha, A William Pasculle, Melissa I Saul, Kathleen A Shutt, Vatsala Srinivasa, Kady Waggle, Daniel J Snyder, Vaughn S Cooper, Daria Van Tyne, Graham M Snyder, Jane W Marsh, Artur Dubrawski, Mark S Roberts, Lee H Harrison
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab946
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 476–482
Most hospitals use traditional infection prevention (IP) methods for outbreak detection. We developed the Enhanced Detection System for Healthcare-Associated Transmission (EDS-HAT), which combines whole-genome sequencing (WGS) surveillance and machine learning (ML) of the electronic health record (EHR) to identify undetected outbreaks and the responsible transmission routes, respectively.
Syphilis Testing and Diagnosis Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Engaged in Care at 4 US Clinical Sites, 2014-2018
Timothy W Menza, Stephen A Berry, Julie Dombrowski, Edward Cachay, Jodie Dionne-Odom, Katerina Christopoulos, Heidi M Crane, Mari M Kitahata, Kenneth H Mayer
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab944
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 483–492
Despite rising rates of syphilis among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) in the United States, there is no optimal syphilis screening frequency or prioritization.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Load Across the Spectrum of Untreated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
Gustaf Ulfhammer, Arvid Edén, Andrea Antinori, Bruce J Brew, Andrea Calcagno, Paola Cinque, Valentina De Zan, Lars Hagberg, Amy Lin, Staffan Nilsson, Cristiana Oprea, Carmela Pinnetti, Serena Spudich, Mattia Trunfio, Alan Winston, Richard W Price, Magnus Gisslén
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab943
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 493–502
The aim of this large multicenter study was to determine variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA in different phases of untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and its associations with plasma HIV-RNA and other biomarkers.
The Impact of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services SEP-1 Core Measure Implementation on Antibacterial Utilization: A Retrospective Multicenter Longitudinal Cohort Study With Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
Deverick J Anderson, Rebekah W Moehring, Alice Parish, Michael Z David, Kevin Hsueh, Leigh Cressman, Pam Tolomeo, Tracey Habrock-Bach, Cherie L Hill, Matthew Ryan, Cara O’Brien, Yuliya Lokhnygina, Elizabeth Dodds Ashley the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab937
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 503–511
The impact of the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Management Bundle (SEP-1) core measure on overall antibacterial utilization is unknown.
Abandonment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis Prescriptions at Retail Pharmacies—United States, 2019
Ya Lin A Huang, Weiming Zhu, Neal Carnes, Karen W Hoover
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac009
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 512–514
We analyzed a national pharmacy database to estimate the annual number of persons who abandoned preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescriptions and assessed associated factors. About 9% of persons prescribed PrEP abandoned prescriptions in 2019; abandonment was associated with sex, age, insurance type, black race/ethnicity, and drug copayment amount.
Impact of Biannual Mass Azithromycin Treatment on Enteropathogen Carriage in Children <5 Years Old in Niger
James A Platts-Mills, Elias G Ayoub, Jixian Zhang, Elizabeth T Rogawski McQuade, Ahmed M Arzika, Ramatou Maliki, Amza Abdou, Jeremy D Keenan, Thomas M Lietman, Jie Liu, Eric R Houpt
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab1046
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 515–518
We analyzed samples obtained at baseline and 24 months in a mass azithromycin administration trial in Niger using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In villages randomized to azithromycin, Shigella was the only pathogen reduced at 24 months (prevalence ratio, 0.36 [95% confidence interval: .17–.79]; difference in log quantity, −.42 [−.75 to −.10]).
Successful Fidaxomicin Hospital Discharges of Adult Patients With Clostridioides difficile Infections Post–2021 Guidelines: Are Economic Barriers Finally Coming Down?
Noah Fang, David Ha, Kimberly Dong, Thomas Leung, Sydney Lee, Marisa Holubar, Lina Meng
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab1061
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 519–521
We reviewed Clostridioides difficile–positive patients discharged on fidaxomicin after local adoption of 2021 C. difficile infection (CDI) guidelines. From 14 June to 3 October 2021, 80% (12/15) had copayments of $0–$35 and 27% (4/15) required prior authorization. The 30-day CDI recurrence was 7%.
First Identification of the New Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529) in Italy
Valeria Micheli, Fiorenza Bracchitta, Alberto Rizzo, Alessandro Mancon, Davide Mileto, Alessandra Lombardi, Paola Stefanelli, Maria Rita Gismondo
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab1044
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 522–524
We identified the first case in Italy of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 variant, using whole-genome sequencing in an Italian subject traveling from Mozambique. Specific mutation profiles deserve further investigations to clarify potential effects on vaccination efficacy. This case highlights the crucial role of rapid and continuous surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variant circulation.
Tobacco Use and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Practical Guide for Clinicians
Krishna P Reddy, Gina R Kruse, Stephanie Lee, Jonathan Shuter, Nancy A Rigotti
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab1069
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 525–533
More than 40% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in the United States smoke tobacco cigarettes. Among those on antiretroviral therapy, smoking decreases life expectancy more than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) itself. Most PWH who smoke want to quit, but tobacco dependence treatment has not been widely integrated into HIV care.
Investigational Antifungal Agents for Invasive Mycoses: A Clinical Perspective
Frederic Lamoth, Russell E Lewis, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab1070
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 534–544
Treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remains challenging, because of the limitations of the current antifungal agents (ie, mode of administration, toxicity, and drug-drug interactions) and the emergence of resistant fungal pathogens. Therefore, there is an urgent need to expand our antifungal armamentarium.
Lung and Brain Abscesses in an Upper Extremity Allotransplantation Recipient
Yu Te Tsai, Po Liang Lu, Kun Mu Lee, Yur Ren Kuo
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciab831
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 545–548
Outbreak of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Italy
Giuseppe Indolfi, Massimo Resti, Alberto Zanobini, Associazione Ospedali Pediatrici Italiani Research Group on Bronchiolitis
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac120
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Pages 549–550
Respiratory Virus Burden in the Community: More Than What Meets the Eye
Amy Huaishiuan Huang, Wan Ting Hsu, Chien Chang Lee
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac132
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Page 551
Itraconazole and Voriconazole: The Complexity of Dose Adjustments
Hiroshi Ito, Ryoko Ogawa
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac064
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Page 552,
Reply to Ito and Ogawa
Patrick Mazi, Andrej Spec
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac067
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 75, Issue 3, 1 August 2022, Page 553
