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The Full Impact of Rotavirus Vaccines in Africa Has Yet to Be Realized
A Duncan Steele, George E Armah, Jason M Mwenda, Carl D Kirkwood
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad017
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S1–S4
Africa bears the brunt of diarrheal mortality globally. Rotavirus vaccination rates are high across the continent and demonstrate impact on diarrheal disease reduction. Nevertheless, there is room for significant improvement in managing rotavirus vaccine coverage, in access to recognized public services such as appropriate medical care, including oral rehydration therapy and improved water and sanitation.
A Description of the Statistical Methods for the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Helen Powell, Yuanyuan Liang, Kathleen M Neuzil, Leslie P Jamka, Dilruba Nasrin, Samba O Sow, M Jahangir Hossain, Richard Omore, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac968
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S5–S11
Diarrheal diseases remain a health threat to children in low- and middle-income countries. The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study was a 36-month, prospective, matched case-control study designed to estimate the etiology, incidence, and adverse clinical consequences of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children aged 0–59 months.
Etiology, Presentation, and Risk Factors for Diarrheal Syndromes in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries After the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccines From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Andrea G Buchwald, Jennifer R Verani, Adama Mamby Keita, M Jahangir Hossain, Anna Roose, Samba O Sow, Richard Omore, Sanogo Doh, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Dilruba Nasrin, Syed M A Zaman, Catherine Okoi, Martin Antonio, John B Ochieng, Jane Juma, Uma Onwuchekwa, Helen Powell, James A Platts-Mills, Sharon M Tennant, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad022
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S12–S22
Diarrheal disease is heterogeneous, including watery diarrhea (WD) and dysentery, some cases of which become persistent diarrhea (PD). Changes in risk over time necessitate updated knowledge of these syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa.
Management of Diarrhea in Young Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: Adherence to World Health Organization Recommendations During the Global Enteric Multisite Study (2007–2011) and the Vaccine Impact of Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study (2015–2018)
Emily L Deichsel, Adama Mamby Keita, Jennifer R Verani, Helen Powell, Leslie P Jamka, M Jahangir Hossain, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Richard Omore, Alex O Awuor, Samba O Sow, Doh Sanogo, Milagritos D Tapia, Kathleen M Neuzil, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac926
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S23–S31
Reducing diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality is a global priority, particularly in low-resource settings. We assessed adherence to diarrhea case management indicators in the Global Enteric Multisite Study (GEMS) and Vaccine Impact of Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study.
Antibiotic-Prescribing Practices for Management of Childhood Diarrhea in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018
Alex O Awuor, Billy Ogwel, Helen Powell, Jennifer R Verani, Samba O Sow, M Jahangir Hossain, John B Ochieng, Jane Juma, Leslie P Jamka, Anna Roose, Sanogo Doh, Emily L Deichsel, Uma Onwuchekwa, Adama Mamby Keita, Martin Antonio, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, Henry Badji, Irene N Kasumba, Dilruba Nasrin, James A Platts-Mills, Eric R Houpt, David M Berendes, Ciara E Sugerman, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Sharon M Tennant, Eric D Mintz, Richard Omore, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac980
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S32–S40
Despite antibiotic prescription being recommended for dysentery and suspected cholera only, diarrhea still triggers unwarranted antibiotic prescription. We evaluated antibiotic-prescribing practices and their predictors among children aged 2–59 months in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study performed in The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya.
Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea and Stunting Among Children Younger Than 5 Years: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Dilruba Nasrin, Yuanyuan Liang, Helen Powell, Ines Gonzalez Casanova, Samba O Sow, M Jahangir Hossain, Richard Omore, Doh Sanogo, Boubou Tamboura, Syed M A Zaman, Martin Antonio, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Alex O Awuor, Irene N Kasumba, John B Ochieng, Henry Badji, Jennifer R Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Anna Roose, Leslie P Jamka, Sharon M Tennant, Usha Ramakrishnan, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac945
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S41–S48
Stunting affects >20% of children <5 years old worldwide and disproportionately impacts underserved communities. The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study examined the association between an episode of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and the risk of subsequent stunting in children <5 years living in 3 sub-Saharan African countries.
Stunting Following Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea Among Children Aged <5 Years in Africa Before and After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction: A Comparison of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study and the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Dilruba Nasrin, Yuanyuan Liang, Jennifer R Verani, Helen Powell, Samba O Sow, Richard Omore, M Jahangir Hossain, Sanogo Doh, Syed M A Zaman, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Alex O Awuor, Irene N Kasumba, Sharon M Tennant, Usha Ramakrishnan, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac948
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S49–S57
Studies conducted before rotavirus vaccine introduction found that moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children aged <5 years was associated with stunting at follow-up. It is unknown whether the reduction in rotavirus-associated MSD following vaccine introduction decreased the risk of stunting.
Drivers of Decline in Diarrhea Mortality Between GEMS and VIDA Studies
Emily L Deichsel, Helen Powell, Christopher Troeger, M Jahangir Hossain, Samba O Sow, Richard Omore, Momodou Jasseh, Uma Onwuchekwa, David Obor, Doh Sanogo, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Dilruba Nasrin, Milagritos D Tapia, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad015
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S58–S65
Statistical modeling suggests that decreasing diarrhea-associated mortality rates in recent decades are largely attributed to improved case management, rotavirus vaccine, and economic development.
Shigella in Africa: New Insights From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Irene N Kasumba, Henry Badji, Helen Powell, M Jahangir Hossain, Richard Omore, Samba O Sow, Jennifer R Verani, James A Platts-Mills, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Syed M A Zaman, Jennifer Jones, Sunil Sen, Jasnehta Permala-Booth, Shamima Nasrin, Anna Roose, Dilruba Nasrin, John Benjamin Ochieng, Jane Juma, Sanogo Doh, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Martin Antonio, Alex O Awuor, Ciara E Sugerman, Nora Watson, Christopher Focht, Jie Liu, Eric Houpt, Karen L Kotloff, Sharon M Tennant
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac969
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S66–S76
We evaluated the burden of Shigella spp from children aged 0–59 months with medically attended moderate-to-severe diarrhea and matched controls at sites in Mali, The Gambia, and Kenya participating in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) study from 2015 to 2018.
Epidemiology of Enteroaggregative, Enteropathogenic, and Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Among Children Aged <5 Years in 3 Countries in Africa, 2015–2018: Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
John B Ochieng, Helen Powell, Ciara E Sugerman, Richard Omore, Billy Ogwel, Jane Juma, Alex O Awuor, Samba O Sow, Doh Sanogo, Uma Onwuchekwa, Adama Mamby Keita, Awa Traoré, Henry Badji, M Jahangir Hossain, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Irene N Kasumba, Dilruba Nasrin, Anna Roose, Yuanyuan Liang, Leslie P Jamka, Martin Antonio, James A Platts-Mills, Jie Liu, Eric R Houpt, Eric D Mintz, Elizabeth Hunsperger, Clayton O Onyango, Nancy Strockbine, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Jennifer R Verani, Sharon M Tennant, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad035
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S77–S86
To address knowledge gaps regarding diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in Africa, we assessed the clinical and epidemiological features of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC) positive children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in Mali, The Gambia, and Kenya.
Prevalence of Salmonella in Stool During the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018
Irene N Kasumba, Helen Powell, Richard Omore, M Jahangir Hossain, Samba O Sow, John Benjamin Ochieng, Henry Badji, Jennifer R Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Sunil Sen, Shamima Nasrin, Jasnehta Permala-Booth, Jennifer A Jones, Anna Roose, Dilruba Nasrin, Ciara E Sugerman, Jane Juma, Alex Awuor, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Sanogo Doh, Catherine Okoi, Syed M A Zaman, Martin Antonio, Elizabeth Hunsperger, Clayton Onyango, James Platts-Mills, Jie Liu, Eric Houpt, Kathleen M Neuzil, Karen L Kotloff, Sharon M Tennant
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac985
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S87–S96
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common cause of gastroenteritis in young children, with limited data on NTS serovars and antimicrobial resistance in Africa.
Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrheal Disease Among Young Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
M Jahangir Hossain, Helen Powell, Samba O Sow, Richard Omore, Anna Roose, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, Henry Badji, Golam Sarwar, Irene N Kasumba, Uma Onwuchekwa, Sanogo Doh, Alex O Awuor, John B Ochieng, Jennifer R Verani, Jie Liu, Sharon M Tennant, Dilruba Nasrin, Leslie P Jamka, Yuanyuan Liang, Stephen R C Howie, Martin Antonio, Eric R Houpt, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad044
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S97–S105,
As part of the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, we examined the prevalence, clinical presentation, and seasonality of Cryptosporidium in children to understand its relative burden after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine.
Giardia Detection and Codetection With Other Enteric Pathogens in Young Children in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Case-Control Study: 2015–2018
Perrine Marcenac, Awa Traoré, Sunkyung Kim, Graeme Prentice-Mott, David M Berendes, Helen Powell, Irene N Kasumba, Dilruba Nasrin, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, John B Ochieng, Jane Juma, Doh Sanogo, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Jennifer R Verani, Jie Liu, Eric R Houpt, M Jahangir Hossain, Samba O Sow, Richard Omore, Sharon M Tennant, Eric D Mintz, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac940
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S106–S113,
Giardia has been associated with reduced risk of diarrhea in children in low-resource settings, but the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess whether Giardia may shape colonization or infection with other enteric pathogens and impact associations with diarrhea, we examined Giardia and enteric pathogen codetection among children <5 years old in Kenya, The Gambia, and Mali as part of the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa study.
Norovirus Disease Among Children <5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018
Richard Omore, Helen Powell, Samba O Sow, M Jahangir Hossain, Billy Ogwel, Sanogo Doh, John B Ochieng, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, Alex O Awuor, Jane Juma, Irene N Kasumba, Anna Roose, Leslie P Jamka, Dilruba Nasrin, Jie Liu, Adama Mamby Keita, Awa Traoré, Uma Onwuchekwa, Henry Badji, Golam Sarwar, Martin Antonio, Ciara E Sugerman, Eric D Mintz, Eric R Houpt, Jennifer R Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Sharon M Tennant, James A Platts-Mills, Jacqueline E Tate, Umesh D Parashar, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac967
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S114–S122
To address a paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa, we examined the prevalence, severity, and seasonality of norovirus genogroup II (NVII) among children <5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali following rotavirus vaccine introduction.
Prevalence, Clinical Severity, and Seasonality of Adenovirus 40/41, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, and Rotavirus Among Young Children With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea: Results From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study
Adama Mamby Keita, Sanogo Doh, Samba O Sow, Helen Powell, Richard Omore, M Jahangir Hossain, Billy Ogwel, John B Ochieng, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, Alex O Awuor, Jane Juma, Dilruba Nasrin, Jie Liu, Awa Traoré, Uma Onwuchekwa, Henry Badji, Golam Sarwar, Martin Antonio, Eric R Houpt, Sharon M Tennant, Irene N Kasumba, Leslie P Jamka, Anna Roose, James A Platts-Mills, Jennifer R Verani, Jacqueline E Tate, Umesh D Parashar, Kathleen M Neuzil, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad060
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S123–S131
While rotavirus causes severe diarrheal disease in children aged <5 years, data on other viral causes in sub-Saharan Africa are limited.
Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015–2018
David M Berendes, Kirsten Fagerli, Sunkyung Kim, Dilruba Nasrin, Helen Powell, Irene N Kasumba, Sharon M Tennant, Anna Roose, M Jahangir Hossain, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Syed M A Zaman, Richard Omore, John B Ochieng, Jennifer R Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Samba O Sow, Sanogo Doh, Ciara E Sugerman, Eric D Mintz, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac911
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S132–S139
Pediatric exposures to unsafe sources of water, unsafely managed sanitation, and animals are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. In the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study, we examined associations between these risk factors and moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children <5 years old in The Gambia, Kenya, and Mali.
Exploring Survey-Based Water, Sanitation, and Animal Associations With Enteric Pathogen Carriage: Comparing Results in a Cohort of Cases With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea to Those in Controls in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018
David M Berendes, Richard Omore, Graeme Prentice-Mott, Kirsten Fagerli, Sunkyung Kim, Dilruba Nasrin, Helen Powell, M Jahangir Hossain, Samba O Sow, Sanogo Doh, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, John B Ochieng, Jane Juma, Alex O Awuor, Billy Ogwel, Jennifer R Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Irene N Kasumba, Sharon M Tennant, Anna Roose, Syed M A Zaman, Jie Liu, Ciara E Sugerman, James A Platts-Mills, Eric R Houpt, Karen L Kotloff, Eric D Mintz
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac918
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S140–S152
The magnitude of pediatric enteric pathogen exposures in low-income settings necessitates substantive water and sanitation interventions, including animal feces management. We assessed associations between pediatric enteric pathogen detection and survey-based water, sanitation, and animal characteristics within the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa case-control study.
Histo-Blood Group Antigen Null Phenotypes Associated With a Decreased Risk of Clinical Rotavirus Vaccine Failure Among Children <2 Years of Age Participating in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study in Kenya, Mali, and the Gambia
Lauren M Schwartz, Jennifer Oshinsky, Mardi Reymann, Mathew D Esona, Michael D Bowen, M Jahangir Hossain, Syed M A Zaman, Joquina Chiquita M Jones, Martin Antonio, Henry Badji, Golam Sarwar, Samba O Sow, Doh Sanogo, Adama Mamby Keita, Boubou Tamboura, Awa Traoré, Uma Onwuchekwa, Richard Omore, Jennifer R Verani, Alex O Awuor, John B Ochieng, Jane Juma, Billy Ogwel, Umesh D Parashar, Jacqueline E Tate, Irene N Kasumba, Sharon M Tennant, Kathleen M Neuzil, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, M Elizabeth Halloran, Robert L Atmar, Marcela F Pasetti, Karen L Kotloff
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac910
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue Supplement_1, 1 April 2023, Pages S153–S161
Previously studied risk factors for rotavirus vaccine failure have not fully explained reduced rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low-income settings. We assessed the relationship between histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) phenotypes and clinical rotavirus vaccine failure among children <2 years of age participating in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa Study in 3 sub-Saharan African countries.
In the Literature
Stan Deresinski
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad041
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages i–ii,
Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in the Time of Coronavirus Disease 2019: Findings From a Household Cohort in Maryland
Marissa K Hetrich, Jennifer Oliva, Kimberli Wanionek, Maria Deloria Knoll, Matthew Lamore, Ignacio Esteban, Vic Veguilla, Fatimah S Dawood, Ruth A Karron, for the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology And Response in Children Study Team
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac942
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1349–1357
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, human parainfluenza type 3 (HPIV-3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) circulation increased as nonpharmaceutical interventions were relaxed. Using data from 175 households (n = 690 members) followed between November 2020 and October 2021, we characterized HPIV-3 and RSV epidemiology in children aged 0–4 years and their households.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Related Illness in the United States During the 2021–2022 Influenza Season
Ashley M Price, Brendan Flannery, H Keipp Talbot, Carlos G Grijalva, Karen J Wernli, C Hallie Phillips, Arnold S Monto, Emily T Martin, Edward A Belongia, Huong Q McLean, Manjusha Gaglani, Manohar Mutnal, Krissy Moehling Geffel, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Sara Y Tartof, Ana Florea, Callie McLean, Sara S Kim, Manish M Patel, Jessie R Chung
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac941
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1358–1363
In the United States, influenza activity during the 2021–2022 season was modest and sufficient enough to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) for the first time since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We estimated influenza VE against laboratory-confirmed outpatient acute illness caused by predominant A(H3N2) viruses.
Decrease in CD4 T-Cell Count and Risk of Severe Morbid Conditions in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection With Controlled Viral Load After Initiating Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Between 2006 and 2018
Maria Choufany, Laurence Weiss, Alain Makinson, Hélène Roul, Jean-Michel Livrozet, Valérie Pourcher, Giovanna Melica, Christophe Rioux, Jean-Paul Viard, Esaie Marshall, Sophie Grabar, Dominique Costagliola
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac939
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1364–1371
A previous study showed an association between CD4 T-cell count decline in people with human immunodeficiency virus infection (PWH) with viral suppression and an increased risk of severe morbid conditions. We aimed to assess the risk of CD4 T-cell count decline (hereafter, CD4 decline), determine associated factors, and evaluate the association of this decline with the risk of severe morbid conditions (cardiovascular disease and cancer) or death.
Non-Lactobacillus-Dominant and Polymicrobial Vaginal Microbiomes Are More Common in Younger South African Women and Predictive of Increased Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquisition
Yiran Wang, Laura Noël-Romas, Michelle Perner, Samantha Knodel, Refilwe Molatlhegi, Sarah Hoger, Kenzie Birse, Christina Farr Zuend, Lyle R McKinnon, Adam D Burgener
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac938
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1372–1381
Adolescent girls and young women aged 15‒24 years in sub-Saharan Africa are at disproportionate risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Given the known association between vaginal microbial dysbiosis and HIV susceptibility, we performed an age-stratified analysis of the vaginal microbiome in South African women and compared this to their risk of HIV acquisition.
Bartonella quintana Transmitted by Head Lice: An Outbreak of Trench Fever in Senegal
Alissa Hammoud, Meriem Louni, Florence Fenollar, Hubert Bassene, Masse Sambou, Nathalie Duclos, Georges Diatta, Cheikh Sokhna, Anthony Levasseur, Didier Raoult, Oleg Mediannikov
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac937
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1382–1390
Louse-borne trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana is a neglected public health concern, known to be transmitted from body louse feces via scratching. No viable B. quintana have ever been isolated from head lice before; therefore, their role as a vector is still poorly understood.
Comparison of Levels of Nasal, Salivary, and Plasma Antibody to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 During Natural Infection and After Vaccination
Jeffrey I Cohen, Lesia Dropulic, Kening Wang, Krista Gangler, Kayla Morgan, Kelly Liepshutz, Tammy Krogmann, Mir A Ali, Jing Qin, Jing Wang, Joshua S Vogel, Yona Lei, Lui P Suzuki-Williams, Chris Spalding, Tara N Palmore, Peter D Burbelo
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac934
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1391–1399
Most studies of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) measure antibody or cellular responses in blood; however, the virus infects mucosal surfaces in the nose and conjunctivae and infectious virus is rarely if ever present in the blood.
Developing Mucosal Vaccines for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: What Will It Take?
Kathryn M Edwards, Kathleen M Neuzil
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac935
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1400–1402
Efficacy and Safety of Ensitrelvir in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Phase 2b Part of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2/3 Study
Hiroshi Mukae, Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi, Norio Ohmagari, Yohei Doi, Hiroki Sakaguchi, Takuhiro Sonoyama, Genki Ichihashi, Takao Sanaki, Keiko Baba, Yuko Tsuge, Takeki Uehara
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac933
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1403–1411
This phase 2b part of a randomized phase 2/3 study assessed the efficacy and safety of ensitrelvir for mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the Omicron epidemic.
A Phase 2A Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of Increased Dose Rifampicin and Adjunctive Linezolid, With or Without Aspirin, for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Tuberculous Meningitis: The LASER-TBM Trial
Angharad G Davis, Sean Wasserman, Cari Stek, Mpumi Maxebengula, C Jason Liang, Stephani Stegmann, Sonya Koekemoer, Amanda Jackson, Yakub Kadernani, Marise Bremer, Remy Daroowala, Saalikha Aziz, Rene Goliath, Louise Lai Sai, Thandi Sihoyiya, Paolo Denti, Rachel P J Lai, Thomas Crede, Jonathan Naude, Patryk Szymanski, Yakoob Vallie, Ismail Abbas Banderker, Muhammed S Moosa, Peter Raubenheimer, Sally Candy, Curtis Offiah, Gerda Wahl, Isak Vorster, Gary Maartens, John Black, Graeme Meintjes, Robert J Wilkinson
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac932
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1412–1422
Drug regimens that include intensified antibiotics alongside effective anti-inflammatory therapies may improve outcomes in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Safety data on their use in combination and in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are needed to inform clinical trial design.
Free Access to Direct-Acting Antivirals in Spain: More Favorable Impact on Hepatitis C Mortality Among Highly Educated People
Julieta Politi, Enrique Regidor, Marta Donat, José Pulido, Juan Miguel Guerras, Gregorio Barrio, MarÃa José Belza
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac928
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1423–1430
In 2015, hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) became free and widespread in Spain, significantly reducing hepatitis C–related mortality. However, health interventions can sometimes widen health inequalities. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of DAA treatment on hepatitis C–related mortality by educational level.
Risk Factors and Outcomes of Invasive Aspergillosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case-Control Study of United States Renal Data System Data
Daniel Z P Friedman, Bradley K Johnson, Elena Beam, Walter K Kremers, Paschalis Vergidis
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac927
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1431–1439
Kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk for invasive aspergillosis (IA), a disease with poor outcomes and substantial economic burden. We aimed to determine risk factors for posttransplant IA by using a national database and to assess the association of IA with mortality and allograft failure.
Age and Cancer Incidence in 5.2 Million People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study
Yann Ruffieux, Mazvita Muchengeti, Victor Olago, Tafadzwa Dhokotera, Julia Bohlius, Matthias Egger, Eliane Rohner
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac925
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1440–1448
Old age is an important risk factor for developing cancer, but few data exist on this association in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated With Poor Overall Survival Among Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
Syim Salahuddin, Oded Cohen, Margaret Wu, Javier Perez Irizarry, Teresita Vega, Geliang Gan, Yanhong Deng, Natalia Isaeva, Manju Prasad, Kurt A Schalper, Saral Mehra, Wendell G Yarbrough, Brinda Emu
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac924
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1449–1458
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) occurs at higher rates among persons with HIV (PWH). This study compares the impact of sociodemographic and clinicopathologic characteristics on outcomes among PWH-HNSCC compared with HNSCC patients without HIV.
Use of Statistical Process Control Methods for Early Detection of Healthcare Facility–Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Outbreaks: A Single-Center Pilot Study
Arthur W Baker, Ahmed Maged, Salah Haridy, Jason E Stout, Jessica L Seidelman, Sarah S Lewis, Deverick J Anderson
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac923
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1459–1467
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging pathogens increasingly implicated in healthcare facility–associated (HCFA) infections and outbreaks. We analyzed the performance of statistical process control (SPC) methods in detecting HCFA NTM outbreaks.
Trends in Cases, Hospitalizations, and Mortality Related to the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Subvariants in South Africa
Waasila Jassat, Salim S Abdool Karim, Lovelyn Ozougwu, Richard Welch, Caroline Mudara, Maureen Masha, Petro Rousseau, Milani Wolmarans, Anthony Selikow, Nevashan Govender, Sibongile Walaza, Anne von Gottberg, Nicole Wolter, Pedro Terrence Pisa, Ian Sanne, Sharlene Govender, Lucille Blumberg, Cheryl Cohen, Michelle J Groome, for the DATCOV Author Group
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac921
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1468–1475
In this study, we compared admission incidence risk and the risk of mortality in the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave to previous waves.
Predictors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalization After Sotrovimab in Patients With Hematologic Malignancy During the BA.1 Omicron Surge
Judy Yan, Samantha N Steiger, Rich Kodama, Jerome Fender, Carrie Tan, Justin Laracy, Nina Cohen, Tracy McMillen, Krupa Jani, Elizabeth V Robilotti, N Esther Babady, Susan K Seo, Mini Kamboj
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac916
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1476–1482
Sotrovimab is an anti-spike neutralization monoclonal antibody developed to reduce the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression and advancement to hospitalization in high-risk patients. Currently, there is limited research describing the association of sotrovimab treatment in patients with hematologic malignancy and the predictive factors of hospitalization.
Impact of Undernutrition on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in India: A Multicenter, Prospective, Cohort Analysis
Pranay Sinha, Chinnaiyan Ponnuraja, Nikhil Gupte, Senbagavalli Prakash Babu, Samyra R Cox, Sonali Sarkar, Vidya Mave, Mandar Paradkar, Chelsie Cintron, S Govindarajan, Aarti Kinikar, Nadesan Priya, Sanjay Gaikwad, Balamugesh Thangakunam, Arutselvi Devarajan, Mythili Dhanasekaran, Jeffrey A Tornheim, Amita Gupta, Padmini Salgame, Devashyam Jesudas Christopher, Hardy Kornfeld, Vijay Viswanathan, Jerrold J Ellner, C Robert Horsburgh, Jr, Akshay N Gupte, Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini, Natasha S Hochberg on behalf of the Regional Prospective Observational Research on Tuberculosis India Consortium
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac915
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1483–1491
Undernutrition is the leading risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) globally. Its impact on treatment outcomes is poorly defined.
Weight and Metabolic Changes After Switching From Tenofovir Alafenamide/Emtricitabine (FTC)+Dolutegravir (DTG), Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF)/FTC + DTG, and TDF/FTC/Efavirenz to TDF/Lamivudine/DTG
Bronwyn Bosch, Godspower Akpomiemie, Nomathemba Chandiwana, Simiso Sokhela, Andrew Hill, Kaitlyn McCann, Ambar Qavi, Manya Mirchandani, Willem Daniel Francois Venter
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac949
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1492–1495
Participants randomized to first-line tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/emtricitabine (FTC)+dolutegravir (DTG), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/FTC + DTG, or TDF/FTC/efavirenz (EFV) for 192 weeks were then switched to TDF/lamivudine (3TC)/DTG for 52 weeks. Participants switching either TAF/FTC + DTG or TDF/FTC/EFV to TDF/3TC/DTG showed statistically significant reductions in weight, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose and glycated hemoglobin.
Evaluation of the US Definitions for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Community Risk Levels
Sina Mokhtar, Alyssa S Parpia, Nathan C Lo, Martial L Ndeffo-Mbah
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac922
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1496–1499
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a county metric of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) community levels to inform public health measures. We find that the COVID-19 community levels vary frequently over time, which may not be optimal for decision making. Alternative metric formulations that do not compromise predictive ability are shown to reduce variability.
Cardiovascular Outcomes After Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab use for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Against Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Population-Based Propensity-matched Cohort Study
Morgan Birabaharan, Eddie Hill, Maedha Begur, David C Kaelber, Thomas C S Martin, Sanjay R Mehta
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac894
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1500–1503
Tixagevimab and cilgavimab treatment was associated with higher rates of cardiovascular events in a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 trial. In this large population-based propensity-matched study, we found no increased risk of cardiovascular events up to 90 days after tixagevimab and cilgavimab administration, including in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease.
Is Mpox a Sexually Transmitted Infection? Why Narrowing the Scope of This Disease May Be Harmful
Aniruddha Hazra, Joseph N Cherabie
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac962
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1504–1507
The 2022 multinational mpox outbreak has been characterized by unprecedented spread among men who have sex with men outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Close contact during sex and intimacy has been well established as a key pathway for human-to-human transmission in the current outbreak. Discussions on whether to assign this illness as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) have been ongoing since the initiation of the outbreak.
A Position Statement on Mpox as a Sexually Transmitted Disease
Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz, Monica Gandhi, Paul Adamson, Ina Park, Gail Bolan, Jeffrey D Klausner
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac960
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1508–1512
The global outbreak of mpox virus constituted an international public health emergency. Reports have highlighted (1) a temporal association between sexual activity and mpox, (2) an association between specific sexual practices and location of lesion development, (3) a high frequency of sexual practices conferring risk for other sexually transmitted infections among cases of mpox, (4) that mpox virus can be isolated from sexual fluids, (4) that isolated virus is infectious, and (5) a high frequency of anogenital lesions prior to disease dissemination suggesting direct inoculation during sexual activities. Finally, a growing body of evidence suggests that sexual transmission is the predominant mode of transmission for mpox virus.
A Case of Necrotizing Finger Lesions in a Patient With AIDS
Jorge L Verdecia, Shobha R Vootukuri, Michael L Sands, Carmen L Isache
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac552
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1513–1515
Avoiding Clinical Trial Failures in Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Example of Chagas Disease
Avoiding Clinical Trial Failures in Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Example of Chagas Disease
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac884
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1516–1520
Human clinical trials are expensive, and when they fail, they create the impression that a problem is intractable, thus depressing interest in future attempts. For neglected tropical diseases, where there are likely limited numbers of “shots on goal,� such failures need to be assiduously avoided. Chagas disease drug discovery efforts have experienced more than its share of human clinical trial failures.
Nephrotoxin Stewardship Alongside Antimicrobial Stewardship
Marc H Scheetz, Jack Chang, Erin F Barreto, Anand Srivastava, Kimberly Valdez, Sylwia Marianski, Gwendolyn M Pais, Todd Miano
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac958
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1521–1522
Reply to Scheetz et al
Sara Alosaimy, Michael J Rybak, George Sakoulas
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac959
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1522–1523
Importance of Considering Hospital-Level Variables in Multi-Institutional Studies
Noboru Horinouchi, Fumitaka Yamaguchi, Hideki Mori, Masahiro Ishikane, Takashi Yoshioka
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac954
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1523–1524,
Therapeutic Issues in Relapsing Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis
Guillermo Cuervo, Carlos Báguena, Jaume Llopis, Juan M Pericà s, Anders Dahl, Vivian Chu, José M Miró, the Hospital Clinic Endocarditis Team Investigators
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac953
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1524–1525
Reply to Cuervo et al and Horinouchi et al
Pierre Danneels, Jean-François Hamel, Adrien Lemaignen, Vincent Cattoir, Vincent Dubée
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac956
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1525–1528
Still Unknown Behavior of Stool Interleukin-1β Levels in Acute Diarrhea
Hiroshi Ito
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac950
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1528–1529
Reply to Ito
Javier A Villafuerte-Gálvez, Nira R Pollock, Carolyn D Alonso, Xinhua Chen, Hua Xu, Lamei Wang, Nicole White, Alice Banz, Mark Miller, Kaitlyn Daugherty, Anne J Gonzalez-Luna, Caitlin Barrett, Rebecca Sprague, Kevin W Garey, Ciaran P Kelly
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac951
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1529–1530
Correction to: Higher Plasma Viremia in the Febrile Phase Is Associated With Adverse Dengue Outcomes Irrespective of Infecting Serotype or Host Immune Status: An Analysis of 5642 Vietnamese Cases
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad081
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Page 1531
Correction to: Principles for Ending Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as an Epidemic in the United States: A Policy Paper of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the HIV Medicine Association
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad028
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Page 1531
Correction to: Twice-Daily Oral Zinc in the Treatment of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciad014
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Page 1532
Correction to: The Staphylococcus aureus Network Adaptive Platform Trial Protocol: New Tools for an Old Foe
doi : 10.1093/cid/ciac730
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 76, Issue 8, 15 April 2023, Pages 1532–1533
