Extrapyramidal symptoms (eg, dystonia and parkinsonism), medication induced (treatment):
Note: Anticholinergic agents are not recommended for the treatment of akathisia or tardive dyskinesia (Ref). Duration of therapy is based on the severity of EPS reaction, pharmacologic profile of the causative agent (eg, half-life, adverse effects), and patient risk factors (Ref). Some experts recommend attempting taper and discontinuation after several weeks to months (Ref).
Oral: Initial: 1 mg/day; increase as necessary to usual range: 5 to 15 mg/day in 3 to 4 divided doses.
Parkinsonism: Oral: Initial: 1 mg/day, increase by 2 mg increments at intervals of 3 to 5 days; usual dose: 6 to 10 mg/day in 3 to 4 divided doses; doses of 12 to 15 mg/day may be required. Consider dosage reduction when used concomitantly with levodopa, the usual dose of each may need to be reduced. Usual range: 3 to 6 mg/day in divided doses.
Discontinuation of therapy: Dose reduction or discontinuation of trihexyphenidyl has been associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome, exacerbation of parkinsonism, and withdrawal symptoms (eg, palpitations, headache, insomnia, fainting, and nausea (Ref)). According to the manufacturer's labeling, withdraw trihexyphenidyl gradually; abrupt or rapid discontinuation may result in acute exacerbation of symptoms or side effects (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; use with caution.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; use with caution.
Avoid use (Ref).
(For additional information see "Trihexyphenidyl: Pediatric drug information")
Dystonia: Limited data available, efficacy results variable (Ref): Children and Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/dayin 2 to 3 divided doses; after the first week, titrate weekly or every 2 weeks as tolerated (eg, increase by 0.15 mg/kg/day or increase by 10% to 20%); usual maximum reported daily dose: 0.75 mg/kg/day in two or three divided doses or 60 mg/day (Ref). Higher weight-directed doses up to 2.6 mg/kg/day with a maximum daily dose of 80 mg/day have been described (Ref); relative to adult patients, data suggest that children and adolescents generally require higher doses for a therapeutic response (Ref).
Sialorrhea: Limited data available; dosage regimens variable: Children and Adolescents: Initial: 0.1 mg/kg/day in two divided doses; alternatively, an initial fixed-dose regimen in children ≥3 years and adolescents of 1 mg twice daily has also been described; titrate every 2 weeks in 10% to 20% increments (Ref). In sialorrhea trials, a final fixed-dose regimen of 2 mg twice or three times daily has been reported (Ref); a retrospective trial that included a mixed patient population evaluating both sialorrhea and dystonia and trihexyphenidyl use reported a mean maximum daily dose: 0.55 mg/kg/day in divided doses (range: 0.03 to 3.13 mg/kg/day) (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution.
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
>10%:
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (30% to 50%), xerostomia (30% to 50%)
Nervous system: Dizziness (30% to 50%), nervousness (30% to 50%)
Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (30% to 50%)
Postmarketing:
Cardiovascular: Paradoxical bradycardia (sinus bradycardia) (Blumensohn 1986), tachycardia
Dermatologic: Erythema of skin (Zhao 2022), hypohidrosis (Zhao 2022), skin rash, xeroderma
Endocrine & metabolic: SIADH (Zhao 2022)
Gastrointestinal: Constipation (Zhao 2022), paralytic ileus, toxic megacolon, vomiting (Zhao 2022)
Genitourinary: Urinary hesitancy, urinary retention (Zhao 2022)
Nervous system: Anxiety (Zhao 2022), asthenia, choreiform movements (Warne 1979, cognitive dysfunction (including confusion and memory impairment) (Zhao 2022), delusion, drowsiness, euphoria (Jellinek 1977), hallucination (Zhao 2022), headache, myasthenia gravis (Ueno 1987), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (with abrupt withdrawal), paranoid ideation
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Dyskinesia (including tardive dyskinesia [orobuccal] (Hauser 1993, Zhao 2022)
Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma (including blindness), cycloplegia, increased intraocular pressure, mydriasis
Miscellaneous: High fever (Zhao 2022), malignant hyperthermia (Zhao 2022)
Hypersensitivity to trihexyphenidyl or any component of the formulation; narrow angle glaucoma.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anhidrosis/hyperthermia: May cause anhidrosis and hyperthermia. Severe anhidrosis and fatal hyperthermia have occurred; use with caution in hot weather or during exercise, especially when administered concomitantly with other anticholinergic drugs to chronically ill patients, patients with alcohol use disorder, patients with CNS disease, or persons doing manual labor in a hot environment.
• Anticholinergic effects: May cause anticholinergic effects (constipation, xerostomia, blurred vision, urinary retention); monitor patients requiring long-term use.
• CNS depression: May impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks that require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery, driving).
• Ocular effects: May precipitate angle closure with an increase in intraocular pressure. If blurring of vision occurs, consider the possibility of narrow angle glaucoma; blindness because of aggravation of narrow angle glaucoma has been reported.
Disease-related concerns:
• Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease, including hypertension.
• GI obstruction: Use with caution in patients with obstructive disease of the GI tract.
• Glaucoma: Use with caution in patients with glaucoma; blindness after long-term use due to narrow angle glaucoma has been reported.
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Prostatic hyperplasia/urinary stricture: Use with caution in patients with prostatic hyperplasia and/or urinary stricture or retention.
• Psychiatric effects: May impair memory and further exacerbate cognitive deficits in elderly patients; in high doses may cause confusion, delirium, and hallucinations (Holloman 1997; Tonda 1994).
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
• Tardive dyskinesia: Not recommended for use in patients with tardive dyskinesia unless concomitant Parkinson disease or tardive dystonia exists (Kang 1986); trihexyphenidyl does not relieve symptoms of tardive dyskinesia and may potentially exacerbate symptoms.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Discontinuation of therapy: Dose reduction or discontinuation of trihexyphenidyl has been associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), exacerbation of Parkinsonism, and withdrawal symptoms including tension, irritability, perspiration, palpitations, headache, insomnia, abdominal distress, anorexia, faint or choking feelings, nausea, and photophobia (McInnis 1985). According to the manufacturer's labeling, withdraw trihexyphenidyl gradually; abrupt or rapid discontinuation may result in acute exacerbation of symptoms or side effects (Manos 1981a; Manos 1981b).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Solution, Oral:
Generic: 0.4 mg/mL (473 mL)
Tablet, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 2 mg, 5 mg
Yes
Solution (Trihexyphenidyl HCl Oral)
0.4 mg/mL (per mL): $0.11
Tablets (Trihexyphenidyl HCl Oral)
2 mg (per each): $0.18 - $0.55
5 mg (per each): $0.36 - $1.10
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 2 mg, 5 mg
Oral: May be administered before or after meals (if excessive dry mouth develops, consider administering before meals unless it causes nausea; postencephalitic patients who are prone to excessive salivation may prefer to take after meals); tolerated best if given in 3 daily doses and with food. High doses (>10 mg/day) may be divided into 4 doses (at each meal and at bedtime).
Oral: Administer before or after meals; if excessive dry mouth develops, consider administering before meals unless it causes nausea; best tolerated when administered in 3 daily doses and with food.
Extrapyramidal symptoms, medication-induced (treatment): Management of medication-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
Parkinsonism: Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of parkinsonism (postencephalitic, arteriosclerotic, and idiopathic).
Trihexyphenidyl may be confused with trifluoperazine
Beers Criteria: Trihexyphenidyl is identified in the Beers Criteria as a potentially inappropriate medication to be avoided in patients 65 years and older due to its highly anticholinergic properties. It is not recommended for the prevention or treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms with antipsychotics. In the treatment of Parkinson disease, more effective agents are available (Beers Criteria [AGS 2023]).
None known.
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May decrease therapeutic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor
Aclidinium: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Acrivastine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Amantadine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Benperidol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Benperidol. Risk C: Monitor
Benztropine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Benztropine. Risk C: Monitor
Biperiden: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Biperiden. Risk C: Monitor
Bornaprine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Bornaprine. Risk C: Monitor
Botulinum Toxin-Containing Products: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Bromperidol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Bromperidol. Risk C: Monitor
Buclizine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Buclizine. Risk C: Monitor
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase tachycardic effects of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor
Chlorprothixene: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Chlorprothixene. Risk C: Monitor
Cimetropium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Cimetropium. Risk X: Avoid
CloZAPine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase constipating effects of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination whenever possible. If combined, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal hypomotility and consider prophylactic laxative treatment. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Cyclizine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Darifenacin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Darifenacin. Risk C: Monitor
Dicyclomine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Dicyclomine. Risk C: Monitor
Dimethindene (Systemic): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Dimethindene (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor
DroNABinol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase tachycardic effects of DroNABinol. Risk X: Avoid
Eluxadoline: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase constipating effects of Eluxadoline. Risk X: Avoid
Fesoterodine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Fesoterodine. Risk C: Monitor
FluPHENAZine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Risk C: Monitor
Gepotidacin: May decrease anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Glucagon: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Risk X: Avoid
Glycopyrrolate (Systemic): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Glycopyrrolate (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor
Glycopyrronium (Topical): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Ipratropium (Nasal): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Itopride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Itopride. Risk C: Monitor
Levosulpiride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Levosulpiride. Risk X: Avoid
Lisuride: Trihexyphenidyl may increase adverse/toxic effects of Lisuride. Risk X: Avoid
Maprotiline: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Maprotiline. Risk C: Monitor
Melperone: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Metergoline: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Anticholinergic Anti-Parkinsonian Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Methotrimeprazine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Methotrimeprazine. Risk C: Monitor
Methscopolamine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Methscopolamine. Risk C: Monitor
Mirabegron: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Mirabegron. Risk C: Monitor
Nitroglycerin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease absorption of Nitroglycerin. Specifically, anticholinergic agents may decrease the dissolution of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, possibly impairing or slowing nitroglycerin absorption. Risk C: Monitor
OLANZapine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of OLANZapine. Risk C: Monitor
Opioid Agonists: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Opioid Agonists. Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Risk C: Monitor
Opipramol: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Oxatomide: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
OxyBUTYnin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of OxyBUTYnin. Risk C: Monitor
Perazine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Perphenazine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Perphenazine. Risk C: Monitor
Potassium Chloride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase ulcerogenic effects of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Risk X: Avoid
Potassium Citrate: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase ulcerogenic effects of Potassium Citrate. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium citrate. Risk X: Avoid
Pramlintide: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Risk X: Avoid
Promethazine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Promethazine. Risk C: Monitor
Propantheline: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Propantheline. Risk C: Monitor
Propiverine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
QuiNIDine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Ramosetron: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase constipating effects of Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor
Revefenacin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Revefenacin. Risk X: Avoid
Rivastigmine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Rivastigmine. Rivastigmine may decrease therapeutic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Management: Use of rivastigmine with an anticholinergic agent is not recommended unless clinically necessary. If the combination is necessary, monitor for reduced anticholinergic effects. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Scopolamine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Scopolamine. Risk C: Monitor
Secretin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Secretin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of anticholinergic agents and secretin. Discontinue anticholinergic agents at least 5 half-lives prior to administration of secretin. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Sofpironium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Sofpironium. Risk X: Avoid
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor
Thiothixene: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Thiothixene. Risk C: Monitor
Tiapride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Tiapride. Risk C: Monitor
Tiotropium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Tiotropium. Risk X: Avoid
Tolterodine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Tolterodine. Risk C: Monitor
Topiramate: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Topiramate. Risk C: Monitor
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Risk C: Monitor
Trimethobenzamide: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Trimethobenzamide. Risk C: Monitor
Trospium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Trospium. Risk C: Monitor
Umeclidinium: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Zuclopenthixol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Zuclopenthixol. Risk C: Monitor
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. One case report did not show evidence of adverse events after trihexyphenidyl administration during pregnancy (Robottom 2011).
It is not known if trihexyphenidyl is present in breast milk. The manufacturer recommends that caution be exercised when administering trihexyphenidyl to patients who are breastfeeding. Anticholinergic agents may suppress lactation.
May be taken before or after meals; tolerated best if given with food.
Gonioscopic evaluations (prior to therapy initiation); IOP (periodically); anticholinergic adverse reactions for patients on long-term therapy (as clinically indicated).
Exerts a direct inhibitory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system. It also has a relaxing effect on smooth musculature; exerted both directly on the muscle itself and indirectly through parasympathetic nervous system (inhibitory effect)
Metabolism: Hydroxylation of the alicyclic groups (Brocks 1999)
Half-life elimination: 33 hours (Brocks 1999)
Time to peak, serum: 1.3 hours (Brocks 1999)
Excretion: Urine and bile (Brocks 1999)