Medicines and other agents | Effect on bladder function | |
Allergy | ||
Antihistamines | First-generation H1 receptor antagonists (eg, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, others) | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect |
Decongestants | Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine | Increased urethral sphincter tone |
Analgesic and sedative | ||
Benzodiazepines | Chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, temazepam, triazolam, others | Impaired micturition via muscle relaxant effect |
Opioids | Codeine, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, others | Decreased sensation of fullness and increased urethral sphincter tone |
Anticholinergic* | ||
Antimuscarinics (overactive bladder medications) | Darifenacin, fesoterodine, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, trospium | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect |
Spasmolytic | Dicyclomine, hyoscyamine, glycopyrrolate, methscopolamine, propantheline, scopolamine (hyoscine) | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect |
Anticholinergics (antiparkinson medications) | Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect |
Cardiology¶ | ||
ACE inhibitors | Enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, others | Decreased contractility; chronic coughing |
Alpha-agonists | Midodrine, phenylephrine, vasopressors (various) | Increased urethral sphincter tone |
Alpha1-blockers | Alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin, terazosin | Decreased urethral sphincter tone |
Antiarrhythmic | Disopyramide, flecainide | Decreased contractility via local anesthetic effect on bladder mucosa or anticholinergic effect |
Diuretics | Various | Increased urine production, contractility, or rate of emptying |
Psychotropic | ||
Antidepressants | SNRIs: duloxetine, reboxetineΔ | Increased urethral sphincter tone |
Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline, others) | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect | |
Antipsychotics | First-generation (chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, methotrimeprazine); second-generation (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone); others have lower effect | Mixed effects described; decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect; increased micturition and stress incontinence via stimulation of alpha1 receptors and/or central dopaminergic receptors |
Other | ||
Skeletal muscle relaxants | Orphenadrine, tizanidine (also cyclobenzaprine, baclofen, and methocarbamol; but effect is lower) | Decreased contractility via anticholinergic effect |
Estrogens | Oral estrogens (hormone replacement therapy) | Increased urinary incontinence |
Beta3-agonist | Mirabegron | Decreased contractility via beta3-adrenergic effect |
Alcohol | Decreased contractility | |
Caffeine | Increased contractility or rate of emptying |
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