Version June 2024
| Neuromuscular scoliosis | Clinical features |
| Neuropathy | |
| Cerebral palsy | Motor dysfunction (eg, spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia, atonia) |
| Closed (occult) spinal dysraphism (eg, tethered cord, split spinal cord malformation) | Vascular, pigmentary, or other cutaneous lesions over the spine; progressive motor and sensory dysfunction; sphincteric dysfunction; pain in the lumbosacral region, perineum, and legs; progressive scoliosis |
| Friedreich ataxia | Neurologic dysfunction (eg, progressive ataxia, lower extremity weakness, loss of DTR), cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus |
| Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) | Distal muscle weakness, pes cavus foot deformity, hammer toes, atrophy of intrinsic hand and foot muscles |
| Myelomeningocele | Impaired sensory and motor function below the level of the spinal column defect |
| Poliomyelitis | Weakness, hypotonia, decreased or absent DTR |
| Spinal muscular atrophy type 3 | Diffuse symmetric proximal muscle weakness greater in the lower than upper limbs, decreased or absent DTR |
| Syringomyelia | Intrinsic wasting of hand muscles; progressive central cord deficits (loss of pain and temperature sensation in the distribution of one or several adjacent dermatomes) |
| Myopathy | |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Progressive muscle weakness that initially affects the proximal muscles of the lower extremities |
| Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy | Asymmetric muscle weakness of the facial, scapular, upper arm, lower leg, and abdominal muscles |
| Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy | Progressive weakness and muscle atrophy involving the shoulder girdle and/or the pelvic girdle |
| Nemaline myopathy | Weakness and hypotonia involving the muscles of the face, neck, trunk, and feet |
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