Risk factors for airway complications with extubation

Preexisting airway difficulties

Difficult mask ventilation at induction

Difficult tracheal intubation at induction

History of difficult airway management

Obesity and/or obstructive sleep apnea

Increased risk for aspiration of gastric contents

Perioperative airway deterioration

Surgical factors (anatomical distortion, hemorrhage, hematoma, edema)

Nonsurgical factors (dependent edema due to positioning, airway trauma from prior airway management, aggressive fluid management)

Restricted airway access

Halo fixation

Mandibulomaxillary fixation

Surgical implants

Cervical collar

Large head/neck dressings

Source: Popat M, Mitchell V, Dravid R, et al. Difficult Airway Society Guidelines for the management of tracheal extubation. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:318.

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Risk factors for airway complications with extubation