6 types of behavior pain indicators from the American Geriatric Society

Behavior pain indicator	Description
Facial expressions	Grimacing, closed or tightened eyes, rapid blinking
Verbalizations/vocalizations	Noisy breathing, moaning, calling out
Body movement	Guarding, restricted movement, mobility changes
Changes in interpersonal interactions	Withdrawn, resisting care, aggressive
Changes in activity patterns or routines	Refusing food, changes in rest pattern, increased wandering
Mental status changes	Increased confusion, distress, crying, or tears

Source: Herr K, Coyne PJ, Key T, et al. Pain assessment in the nonverbal patient: Position statement with clinical practice recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs 2006; 7:44.

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6 types of behavior pain indicators from the American Geriatric Society