Normal ECG findings in athletes | |
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These common training-related ECG alterations are physiological adaptations to regular exercise, considered normal variants in athletes and do not require further evaluation in asymptomatic athletes | |
Abnormal ECG findings in athletes | |
Abnormal ECG finding | Definition |
T-wave inversion | >1 mm in depth in 2 or more leads V2 to V6, II and aVF, or I and aVL (excludes III, aVR, and V1) |
ST segment depression | ≥0.5 mm in depth in 2 or more leads |
Pathologic Q waves | >3 mm in depth or >40 ms in duration in 2 or more leads (except for III and aVR) |
Complete left bundle branch block | QRS ≥120 ms, predominantly negative QRS complex in lead V1 (QS or rS), and upright monophasic R wave in leads I and V6 |
Intraventricular conduction delay | Any QRS duration ≥140 ms |
Left axis deviation | –30° to –90° |
Left atrial enlargement | Prolonged P wave duration of >120 ms in leads I or II with negative portion of the P wave ≥1 mm in depth and ≥40 ms in duration in lead V1 |
Right ventricular hypertrophy pattern | R-V1+S-V5 >10.5 mm AND right axis deviation >120° |
Ventricular pre-excitation | PR interval <120 ms with a delta wave (slurred upstroke in the QRS complex) and wide QRS (>120 ms) |
Long QT interval* | QTc ≥470 ms (male) QTc ≥480 ms (female) QTc ≥500 ms (marked QT prolongation) |
Short QT interval* | QTc ≤320 ms |
Brugada-like ECG pattern | High take-off and downsloping ST-segment elevation followed by a negative T wave in ≥2 leads in V1 to V3 |
Profound sinus bradycardia | <30 bpm or sinus pauses ≥3 s |
Atrial tachyarrhythmias | Supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter |
Premature ventricular contractions | ≥2 PVCs per 10 s tracing |
Ventricular arrhythmias | Couplets, triplets, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia |
AV: atrioventricular; bpm: beats per minute; ECG: electrocardiogram; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; PVC: premature ventricular contraction; RBBB: right bundle branch block.
* The QT interval corrected for heart rate is ideally measured with heart rates of 60 to 90 bpm. Consider repeating the ECG after mild aerobic activity for borderline or abnormal QTc values with a heart rate <50 bpm.آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟