Synthesizing cardiac examination findings in infants and children with murmurs: Systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border

PS: pulmonic stenosis; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; ASD: atrial septal defect; AVM: arteriovenous malformation; PAPVC: partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; TAPVC: total anomalous pulmonary venous connection; PPS: peripheral pulmonary stenosis; S2: second heart sound; S3: third heart sound; S4: fourth heart sound; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.
* Other causes of murmurs heard in this location include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation, PDA, cervical venous hum, and coronary artery fistula; however, the timing of the murmurs in these lesions distinguishes them from the lesions reviewed in this algorithm. Aortic and pulmonary regurgitation produce diastolic murmurs; PDA, cervical venous hum, and coronary artery fistula produce continuous murmurs.