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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Risk factors for melanoma

Risk factors for melanoma
Category Feature Risk
(given as relative risk [RR] with 95% CI unless indicated otherwise)
Genotype Xeroderma pigmentosum Approximately 1 in every 5 patients will develop melanoma[1]

CDKN2A

Suspected in:
  • families with multiple melanomas or pancreatic cancer

35- to 70-fold[2]

67% lifetime risk
CDK4 (very rare) Significantly elevated[3]
BRCA2 – Familial breast and ovarian cancer 2.58 (1.28-5.17)[4]

MC1R

Suspected in:
  • White people with red hair, freckling phenotype in family
2-3.5[2]

OCA2

Suspected in:
  • Patients with a family history of albinism
Slightly increased risk, independent of phenotype
Personal history of skin cancer Melanoma 1 to 8% of melanoma patients will be diagnosed with another melanoma[5]
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (including actinic damage) 4.28 (2.80-6.55)[6]
Family history Any 1.74 (1.41-2.14)[6]
Parent

2.40 (2.10-2.72)[7]

3.2 (2.6-3.9) for North American males*[8]

4.4 (3.5-5.2) for North American females
Sibling

2.98 (2.54-3.47)[7]

3.2 (2.6-3.9) for North American males[8]

4.4 (3.5-5.2) for North American females[8]
2 first-degree relatives 8.92 (4.25-15.31)[7]
Parent with multiple primary melanomas 61.78 (5.82-227.19)[7]
Atypical nevi[9] 0 1.00
1 1.45 (1.31-1.60)
2 2.10 (1.71-2.54)
3 3.03 (2.23-4.06)
4 4.39 (2.91-6.47)
5 6.36 (3.80-10.33)
Common nevi[9] 0 to 15 1.00
16 to 40 1.47 (1.36-1.59)
41 to 60 2.24 (1.90-2.64)
61 to 80 3.26 (2.55-4.15)
81 to 100 4.74 (3.44-6.53)
101 to 120 6.89 (4.63-10.25)
Phenotypic traits[6]
Hair color Red versus dark 3.64 (2.56-5.37)
Blond versus dark 1.96 (1.41-2.74)
Light brown versus dark 1.62 (1.11-2.34)
Freckles High versus low density 2.10 (1.80-2.45)
Eye color Light (green, hazel, blue) versus dark Approximately 1.5
Sun exposure Intermittent 2.35 (1.78-3.09)[6]
Chronic 0.98 (0.85-1.12)
Sunburn history 2.02 (1.73-2.34)
Tanning salon Ever versus never, 1.15 (1.00-1.31)[10]
* Estimates are for cases of familial melanoma.
References:
  1. Kraemer KH, Lee MM, Andrews AD, Lambert WC. The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130:1018.
  2. High WA, Robinson WA. Genetic mutations involved in melanoma: a summary of our current understanding. Adv Dermatol 2007; 23:61.
  3. Goldstein AM, Struewing JP, Chidambaram A, et al. Genotype-phenotype relationships in U.S. melanoma-prone families with CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1006.
  4. Easton D, The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1310.
  5. Stam-Posthuma JJ, van Duinen C, Scheffer E, et al. Multiple primary melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:22.
  6. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: III. Family history, actinic damage and phenotypic factors. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2040.
  7. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Familial and attributable risks in cutaneous melanoma: effects of proband and age. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:217.
  8. Begg CB, Hummer A, Mujumdar U, et al. Familial aggregation of melanoma risks in a large population-based sample of melanoma cases. Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15:957.
  9. Swerdlow AJ, English J, MacKie RM, et al. Benign melanocytic naevi as a risk factor for malignant melanoma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292:1555.
  10. The International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on artificial ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1116.
From: Psaty EL, Scope A, Halpern AC, Marghoob AA. Defining the patient at high risk for melanoma. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:362. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04381.x/abstract. Copyright © 2010 The International Society of Dermatology. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This image has been provided by or is owned by Wiley. Further permission is needed before it can be downloaded to PowerPoint, printed, shared, or emailed. Please contact Wiley's Permissions Department either via email: [email protected] or use the RightsLink service by clicking on the Request Permission link accompanying this article on Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com).
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