Estimated associations between religion/spirituality and health in patients with cancer

	Physical health			Mental health			Social health
R/S dimension	Estimate (SE)	Number of unique samples (studies)	Number of reported effect sizes	Estimate (SE)	Number of unique samples (studies)	Number of reported effect sizes	Estimate (SE)	Number of unique samples (studies)	Number of reported effect sizes
Overall R/S	0.15 (0.02)*	101	497	0.19 (0.02)*^¶	148	617	0.20 (0.02)*	78	227
Affective^Δ	0.26 (0.02)*	55	223	0.38 (0.03)*^◊	68	234	0.32 (0.03)*	39	112
Behavioral^§	0.01 (0.02)	29	96	0.03 (0.03)	43	133	0.08 (0.03)^¥	17	38
Cognitive^‡	0.07 (0.02)*	22	90	0.10 (0.02)*	41	160	0.10 (0.03)^†	18	45
Other**	0.08 (0.03)^¥	23	88	0.08 (0.02)^†	43	90	0.13 (0.03)*	22	32

A positive relation between R/S and health outcomes reflects more R/S and better health. Estimates are z-scale effect sizes.

R/S: religion/spirituality; SE: standard error.
* p<0.001.
¶ After the exclusion of spiritual well-being and on the basis of 108 studies and 433 effect sizes, the estimated association between overall R/S and mental health was 0.09 (0.01).
Δ Affective dimension of R/S; these aspects having to do with subjective emotional experience, such as a sense of transcendence, meaning, purpose or connect to a source larger than oneself.
◊ After the exclusion of spiritual well-being and on the basis of 20 studies and 50 effect sizes, the estimated association between affective R/S and mental health was 0.29 (0.06).
§ Behavioral dimension refers to R/S practices or behaviors.
¥ p<0.05.
‡ Cognitive refers to the religious or spiritual beliefs.
† p<0.01.
** Other – not all R/S constructs are easily categorized into these dimensions. This category accounts for the subset of R/S measures that are relatively frequently used (eg, service attendance, prayer) and that may have important relationships with health outcomes but that do not fall squarely into other R/S dimensions.

From: Park CL, Sherman AC, Jim HSL, Salsman JM. Religion/Spirituality and health in the context of cancer: Cross-domain integration, unresolved issues, and future directions. Cancer 2015; 121(21):3789-94. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.29351/abstract. Copyright © 2016 American Cancer Society. Modified with permission of John Wiley & Sons Inc. This image has been provided by or is owned by Wiley. Further permission is needed before it can be downloaded to PowerPoint, printed, shared or emailed. Please contact Wiley's permissions department either via email: [email protected] or use the RightsLink service by clicking on the 'Request Permission' link accompanying this article on Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com).

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Estimated associations between religion/spirituality and health in patients with cancer