Diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

LAM: lymphangioleiomyomatosis; TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex; PFT: pulmonary function test; HRCT: high resolution computed tomography; VEGF-D: vascular endothelial growth factor D; MMPH: multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia.
* Some patients with TSC have multiple tiny nodules characteristic of MMPH.
¶ Refer to UpToDate content on sporadic LAM.
Δ VEGF-D is only available in the United States through the Translational Trials Laboratory at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. A VEGF-D level >800 pg/mL has high specificity for LAM.