Version June 2024
| Infection |
| Endocrine disturbances |
| Diabetes insipidus (rare) |
| Estrogen deficiency |
| Androgen deficiency |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Endocrine dysfunction caused by cancer-related treatments |
| Neurologic disorders |
| Autonomic neuropathy |
| Cerebral and brainstem lesions (tumors, infarctions, or hemorrhages) |
| Spinal injuries or lesions |
| Parkinsonism |
| Malignancies |
| Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
| Solid tumors, typically advanced disease, liver metastasis (germ cell, medullary thyroid cancer, prostate renal cell) |
| Carcinoid syndrome |
| Medications |
| Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], bupropion) |
| Hormone therapies (selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] agonists, flutamide) |
| Opioids |
| Intoxication/withdrawal from alcohol or other substances, including opioids |
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