Introduction —
This topic includes links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world. We will update these links periodically; newer versions of some guidelines may be available on each society's website. Some societies may require users to log in to access their guidelines.
The recommendations in the following guidelines may vary from those that appear in UpToDate topic reviews. Readers who are looking for UpToDate topic reviews should use the UpToDate search box to find the relevant content.
International
●American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American College of Surgeons (ACS)/American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA)/Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT)/Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR)/Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM): Guideline for perioperative cardiovascular management for noncardiac surgery (2024)
●International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT): Consensus statement for perioperative management of patients with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure undergoing surgery (2022)
●ISHLT: Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients (2022)
●HRS/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)/Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS): Expert consensus statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers, and arrhythmia monitors – Facilities and patient management (2011, reaffirmed 2021)
Canada
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't perform resting echocardiography as part of preoperative assessment for asymptomatic patients undergoing low to intermediate-risk non-cardiac surgery (2024)
●Choosing Wisely Canada: Don't routinely perform preoperative testing (such as chest X-rays, echocardiograms, or cardiac stress tests) for patients undergoing low risk surgeries (2022)
●Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS): Guidelines on perioperative cardiac risk assessment and management for patients who undergo noncardiac surgery (2017)
●CCS/Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society (CAS)/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS): Joint position statement on the perioperative management of patients with implanted pacemakers, defibrillators, and neurostimulating devices (2012)
United States
●American Heart Association (AHA): Scientific statement on periprocedural management and multidisciplinary care pathways for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (2024)
●AHA/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American College of Surgeons (ACS)/American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA)/Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT)/Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR)/Society for Vascular Medicine (SVM): Guideline for perioperative cardiovascular management for noncardiac surgery (2024)
●HRS/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)/Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS): Expert consensus statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers, and arrhythmia monitors – Facilities and patient management (2011, reaffirmed 2021)
●ASA: Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices – Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, update (2020)
●ACC: Expert consensus decision pathway for periprocedural management of anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (2017)
●American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS): Guidelines for the prevention and management of perioperative atrial fibrillation and flutter for thoracic surgical procedures (2014)
●ACC/AHA: Guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk, 2013 (published 2014)
●AHA/American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF): Scientific statement on cardiac disease evaluation and management among kidney and liver transplantation candidates (2012)
Europe
●European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (2022)
●European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA): Guideline on the pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery, update (2018)
United Kingdom
●National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE): Guideline on perioperative care in adults (2020)
●NICE: Guideline on routine preoperative tests for elective surgery (2016)
Australia–New Zealand
●Choosing Wisely Australia: Avoid ordering cardiac stress testing for asymptomatic patients prior to undergoing low to intermediate risk non-cardiac surgery (2017)
●Choosing Wisely Australia: Avoid routinely performing preoperative blood investigations, chest X-ray or spirometry prior to surgery, but instead order in response to patient factors, symptoms and signs, disease, or planned surgery (2017)
Japan
●[In Japanese] Japanese Circulation Society (JCS): Guideline on perioperative cardiovascular assessment and management for non-cardiac surgery (2022)
●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: About preoperative testing – When and when it is necessary (2016)
●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Preoperative examination in cardiac surgery – When necessary and when not necessary (2016)
●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Preoperative cardiac ultrasonography – When needed and when not needed (2016)
●[In Japanese] Choosing Wisely Japan: Echocardiography after heart valve replacement – When needed and when not needed (2016)
