Flexible bronchoscopic balloon dilation

a) A guidewire is passed beyond the stenosis, using bronchoscopy and fluoroscopy to ensure that the guidewire does not extend to the pleura and then the bronchoscope is withdrawn, leaving the guidewire in place. b) The balloon catheter is advanced over a guidewire and positioned under fluoroscopy. c) Proper positioning of the proximal end of the balloon is confirmed with visualization through the bronchoscope. d) Bronchoscopy allows direct monitoring of balloon inflation and deflation with fluoroscopy.