Most common urinary tract pathogens in acute cystitis in children and adolescents according to host characteristics

Host characteristics	Common uropathogens
Normal host	Escherichia coli Other gram negatives (eg, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp) Enterococcus Schistosoma haematobium (hemorrhagic cystitis in children in Africa and the Middle East)
Underlying GU abnormality	Bladder dysfunction with no recent antibiotic exposure: E. coli Bladder dysfunction with recent antibiotic exposure: Resistant E. coli Non-E. coli uropathogens Other underlying abnormalities: E. coli Klebsiella spp Enterobacter spp P. aeruginosa
Indwelling bladder catheter	P. aeruginosa Candida albicans Staphylococcus epidermidis
Sexually active female	E. coli Other gram negatives Staphylococcus saprophyticus Trichomonas vaginalis
Immune-compromised host	Enteric pathogens Gram positives (eg, Enterococcus) Viruses Yeast Adenovirus (hemorrhagic cystitis; HCT and SOT recipients) BK and JC polyomaviruses (hemorrhagic cystitis; HCT and SOT recipients)

GU: genitourinary; HCT: hematopoietic cell transplant; SOT: solid organ transplant.

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