- Non-participation in care; depression/demoralization; passive resistance
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- Rejection of recommendations for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy
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- Unwillingness to accept dialysis, ventilator support, or left ventricular assist devices
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- Patient removal of an intravenous line, nasogastric tube, or endotracheal tube
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- Refusal to be transferred to the intensive care unit or a skilled nursing, rehabilitation, or hospice facility
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- Resistance to symptom-oriented medications due to fear of addiction or side effects, distrust, or impaired mental status[1]
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- Demands to leave the hospital against medical advice (AMA)
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