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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : -63 مورد

Causes of acquired tracheoesophageal fistula

Causes of acquired tracheoesophageal fistula
Malignancy
Common: Esophageal cancer, lung cancer
Less common: Laryngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, lymphoma, thymic cancer
Prolonged endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy
Endoscopic intervention (eg, endobronchial laser or cryotherapy)
Infectious diseases
Tuberculosis
Actinomycosis
Bacterial abscess
Inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis)
Trauma (eg, penetrating trauma to the neck or chest)
Caustic ingestion
Esophageal stent
Surgery
Thoracic laryngectomy, esophagectomy
Cardiac
Mediastinal
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy (eg, bevacizumab)
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