Short- and long-term risk factors in the evaluation of patients with syncope*

Short-term risk factors (≤30 days)	Long-term risk factors (>30 days)
History: Outpatient clinic or ED evaluation
Male sex	Male sex
Older age (>60 years)	Older age
No prodrome	Absence of nausea/vomiting preceding syncopal event
Palpitations preceding loss of consciousness	VA
Exertional syncope	Cancer
Structural heart disease	Structural heart disease
HF	HF
Cerebrovascular disease	Cerebrovascular disease
Family history of SCD	Diabetes mellitus
Trauma	High CHADS-2 score
Physical examination or laboratory investigation
Evidence of bleeding	Abnormal ECG
Persistent abnormal vital signs	Lower GFR
Abnormal ECG
Positive troponin

ED: emergency department; VA: ventricular arrhythmia; HF: heart failure; SCD: sudden cardiac death; CHADS-2: congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke or transient ischemic attack; ECG: electrocardiogram; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.
* Definitions for clinical endpoints or serious outcomes vary by study. The specific endpoints for the individual studies in this table are defined in Data Supplements 3 and 4 and summarized in Table 6 for selected studies. This table includes individual risk predictors from history, physical examination, and laboratory studies associated with adverse outcomes from selected studies.

Reproduced from: Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:e39. Table used with the permission of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Short- and long-term risk factors in the evaluation of patients with syncope*