Revised (2018) Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs abridged table

Class 0 (HCN channel blockers)

Ivabradine

Class I (voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers)

Class Ia (intermediate dissociation):

Class Ib (rapid dissociation):

Class Ic (slow dissociation):

Class Id (selective late sodium channel current and atrial-selective peak sodium channel current):

Class II (autonomic inhibitors and activators)

Class IIa (beta blockers):

Class IIb (nonselective beta agonists):

Class IIc (muscarinic M2 receptor inhibitors):

Class IId (muscarinic M2 receptor activators):

Class IIe (adenosine A1 receptor activators):

Class III (K+ channel blockers and openers)

Class IIIa (voltage dependent K+ channel blockers):

Class IV (Ca++ handling modulators)

Class IVa (surface membrane Ca++ channel blockers):

Class V (mechanosensitive channel blockers):

No approved medications

Class VI (gap junction channel blockers)

No approved medications

Class VII (upstream target modulators)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Omega-3 fatty acids

Statins

Ca: calcium; HCN: hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated; K: potassium; Na: sodium.

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