Exampled of swing point stenosis associated with hemodialysis AV access

The angiograms demonstrate various examples of swing point stenosis associated with hemodialysis AV access.
(A) Juxta-anastomotic stenosis (arrow) in a radial-cephalic fistula.
(B) Cephalic arch stenosis (arrow) in a brachial-cephalic fistula.
(C) Angle of transposition stenosis (arrow) in a brachial-basilic fistula.