Definitions from the 2018 edition of the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism

Organ trafficking consists of any of the following activities:

Removing organs from living or deceased donors without valid consent or authorization or in exchange for financial gain or comparable advantage to the donor and/or a third person
Any transportation, manipulation, transplantation, or other use of such organs
Offering any undue advantage to, or requesting the same by, a health care professional, public official, or employee of a private sector entity to facilitate or perform such removal or use
Soliciting or recruiting donors or recipients, where carried out for financial gain or comparable advantage
Attempting to commit, or aiding or abetting the commission of, any of these acts*

Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of the removal of organs.^¶

In the context of this Declaration, the term resident denotes a person who makes their life within a country, whether or not as a citizen; the term non-resident denotes all persons who are not residents, including those who travel to, and then reside temporarily within, a country for the purpose of obtaining a transplant.

Travel for transplantation is the movement of persons across jurisdictional borders^Δ for transplantation purposes. Travel for transplantation becomes transplant tourism, and thus unethical, if it involves trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal or trafficking in human organs, or if the resources (organs, professionals, and transplant centers) devoted to providing transplants to non-resident patients undermine the country's ability to provide transplant services for its own population.

Self-sufficiency in organ donation and transplantation means meeting the transplant needs of a country by use of donation and transplant services provided within the country and organs donated by its residents, or by equitably sharing resources with other countries or jurisdictions.

Financial neutrality in organ donation means that donors and their families neither lose nor gain financially as a result of donation.

* This definition is derived from the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs (2015) (refer to Supplementary Table S1 for supplementary reference).
¶ This definition is derived from the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000) (refer to Supplementary Table S1 for supplementary reference). The Protocol provides that "consent" of a victim of trafficking in persons shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in the definition have been used.
Δ In the context of this Declaration, the term jurisdiction encompasses not only nations but also states, provinces, other formally defined areas within countries, and regional or other supra-national legal entities with the authority to regulate organ donation and transplantation.

Reproduced with permission from: The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism (2018 Edition). Available at: http://www.declarationofistanbul.org/ (Accessed on August 21, 2019). Copyright © 2018 The Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group.

Graphic 121124 Version 1.0

خرید پکیج

Definitions from the 2018 edition of the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism