M. D. Anderson lymphedema classification based on indocyanine green lymphangiographic findings.
(A) Stage 1: Many patent lymphatic vessels, with minimal, patchy dermal backflow.
(B) Stage 2: Moderate number of patent lymphatic vessels, with segmental dermal backflow.
(C) Stage 3: Few patent lymphatic vessels, with extensive dermal backflow involving the entire arm.
(D) Stage 4: No patent lymphatic vessels seen, with severe dermal backflow involving the entire arm and extending to the dorsum of the hand.
From: Chang DW, Suami H, Skoracki R. A prospective analysis of 100 consecutive lymphovenous bypass cases for treatment of extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:1305. DOI:
10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182a4d626. Copyright © 2013 American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.
