Comorbidities associated with holoprosencephaly and diagnostic laboratory tests

Comorbidity	Laboratory test
Diabetes insipidus	Serum electrolytes Plasma and urine osmolality Plasma and urine antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Growth hormone deficiency	Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) Bone age
Adrenal hypoplasia	8 AM serum cortisol and plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) ACTH stimulation test
Hypogonadism	Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Testosterone in males Estradiol in females
Thyroid hypoplasia	Serum thyroxine (T4) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Courtesy of Angela Volk, MD and Larry H Hollier, Jr, MD.

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