Staging of hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia

Stage I	Pale/livid hand and/or cool hand without pain
Stage IIa	Tolerable pain during exercise and/or during dialysis
Stage IIb	Intolerable pain during exercise and/or during dialysis
Stage III	Rest pain or loss of motor function
Stage IVa	Limited tissue loss, potential for preservation of hand function
Stage IVb	Irreversible tissue loss, significant hand function is lost

From: Beathard GA, Spergel LM. Hand ischemia associated with dialysis vascular access: An individualized access flow-based approach to therapy. Semin Dial 2013; 26(3):287-314. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/sdi.12088. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Inc. This image has been provided by or is owned by Wiley. Further permission is needed before it can be downloaded to PowerPoint, printed, shared or emailed. Please contact Wiley's permissions department either via email: [email protected] or use the RightsLink service by clicking on the 'Request Permission' link accompanying this article on Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/).

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Staging of hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia