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Pimecrolimus: Pediatric drug information

Pimecrolimus: Pediatric drug information
(For additional information see "Pimecrolimus: Drug information" and see "Pimecrolimus: Patient drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
ALERT: US Boxed Warning
Appropriate use:

Long-term safety of topical calcineurin inhibitors has not been established. Continuous long-term use of topical calcineurin inhibitors, including pimecrolimus, in any age group should be avoided, and application limited to areas of involvement with atopic dermatitis.

Malignancy:

Although a causal relationship has not been established, rare cases of malignancy (eg, skin malignancy, lymphoma) have been reported in patients treated with topical calcineurin inhibitors including pimecrolimus.

Pediatrics:

Pimecrolimus is not indicated for use in children younger than 2 years.

Brand Names: US
  • Elidel
Brand Names: Canada
  • Elidel
Therapeutic Category
  • Immunomodulating Agent, Topical
Dosing: Pediatric
Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (mild-moderate): Children ≥2 years and Adolescents: Topical: Apply a thin layer to affected area twice daily; limit application to affected areas only; discontinue therapy when symptoms have resolved; re-evaluate patient if symptoms persist >6 weeks.

Dosing: Adult

(For additional information see "Pimecrolimus: Drug information")

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (mild to moderate): Topical: Apply thin layer to affected area twice daily. Note: Limit application to involved areas. Discontinue use when symptoms have resolved; re-evaluate if symptoms persist >6 weeks.

Oral lichen planus

Oral lichen planus (off-label use): Topical: Apply twice daily for 1 month (Ref).

Psoriasis

Psoriasis (intertriginous and facial) (off-label use): Topical: Apply twice daily (Ref).

Vitiligo

Vitiligo (off-label use): Topical: Apply twice daily for 6 months. Treatment beyond 12 months may be useful; long-term safety has not been established (Ref).

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

>10%:

Central nervous system: Headache (children and adolescents 11% to 25%; adults 7%), fever (children and adolescents 13%; adults 1%)

Infection: Influenza (3% to 13%)

Local: Local burning (adults 26%; children and adolescents 2% to 8%; tends to resolve/improve as lesions resolve), application site reaction (adults 15%; children and adolescents 2%)

Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (infants, children, and adolescents 10% to 27%; adults 8%), upper respiratory tract infection (children and adolescents 14% to 19%; adults 4%), cough (children and adolescents 9% to 16%; adults 2%), bronchitis (children and adolescents ≤11%; adults ≤2%)

1% to 10%:

Dermatologic: Folliculitis (adults 6%; children and adolescents 1%), skin infection (5% to 6%), impetigo (4%), warts (children and adolescents ≤3%), acne vulgaris (≤2%), herpes simplex dermatitis (≤2%), molluscum contagiosum (children and adolescents ≤2%), urticaria (≤1%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (children and adolescents 1% to 8%; adults ≤2%), gastroenteritis (children and adolescents ≤7%; adults 2%), vomiting (1% to 4%), constipation (children and adolescents ≤4%), abdominal pain (≤3%), toothache (≤3%), nausea (1% to 2%)

Genitourinary: Dysmenorrhea (1% to 2%)

Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity (3% to 5%)

Infection: Viral infection (children and adolescents ≤7%), herpes simplex infection (≤4%), bacterial infection (1% to 2%), staphylococcal infection (1% to 2%), varicella (≤1%)

Local: Local irritation (adults ≤6%; children and adolescents ≤1%), local pruritus (1% to 6%), localized erythema (≤2%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (≤2%), back pain (≤2%)

Ocular: Conjunctivitis (≤2% to 3%), eye infection (≤1%)

Otic: Otic infection (1% to 6%), otitis media (1% to 3%)

Respiratory: Sore throat (4% to 8%), pharyngitis (children and adolescents 1% to 8%; adults 1%), tonsillitis (children and adolescents ≤6%; adults <1%), asthma (3% to 4%), asthma aggravated (children and adolescents ≤4%), streptococcal pharyngitis (children and adolescents 3%), nasal congestion (1% to 3%), sinusitis (1% to 3%), epistaxis (≤3%), dyspnea (≤2%), flu-like symptoms (≤2%), pneumonia (≤2%), rhinitis (≤2%), rhinorrhea (children and adolescents ≤2%), viral upper respiratory tract infection (≤2%), wheezing (children and adolescents ≤1%)

Miscellaneous: Laceration (children and adolescents ≤2%)

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Anaphylaxis, angioedema, eczema (herpeticum), eye irritation (following application near eyes), facial edema, flushing (ethanol-associated), lymphadenopathy, malignant neoplasm (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, malignant lymphoma), skin discoloration

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to pimecrolimus or any component of the formulation

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Infection: Patients with atopic dermatitis are predisposed to skin infections; therapy has been associated with an increased risk of developing eczema herpeticum, varicella zoster, and herpes simplex. Do not apply to areas of active bacterial or viral infection; local infections at the treatment site should be resolved prior to therapy.

• Local symptoms: May cause local symptoms (eg, burning, pruritus, soreness, stinging) during first few days of treatment; usually self-resolving as atopic dermatitis lesions heal.

• Lymphadenopathy: May be associated with development of lymphadenopathy; possible infectious causes should be investigated. Discontinue use in patients with unknown cause of lymphadenopathy or acute infectious mononucleosis.

• Malignancy: [US Boxed Warning]: Topical calcineurin inhibitors (including pimecrolimus) have been associated with rare cases of lymphoma and skin malignancy; avoid use on malignant or premalignant skin conditions (eg, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma).

• Skin papilloma: Skin papilloma (warts) have been observed with use; discontinue use if there is worsening of skin papillomas or they do not respond to conventional treatment.

Disease-related concerns:

• Atopic dermatitis: Diagnosis should be reconfirmed if sign/symptoms do not improve within 6 weeks of treatment.

• Erythroderma: Safety not established in patients with generalized erythroderma.

• Skin diseases which may increase systemic absorption: Not recommended for use in patients with Netherton's syndrome or skin conditions which may increase the potential for systemic absorption.

Special populations:

• Immunocompromised patients: Should not be used in immunocompromised patients, including patients on concomitant systemic immunosuppressive therapy.

• Pediatric: [US Boxed Warning]: Use of pimecrolimus in children <2 years of age is not recommended, particularly since the effect on immune system development is unknown.

Dosage form specific issues:

• Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol (≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity (“gasping syndrome”) in neonates; the “gasping syndrome” consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP ["Inactive" 1997]; CDC, 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors, 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol with caution in neonates. See manufacturer’s labeling.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Appropriate use: [US Boxed Warning]: Continuous long-term use of calcineurin inhibitors (including pimecrolimus) should be avoided and application of cream should be limited to areas of involvement with atopic dermatitis. Safety of intermittent use for >1 year has not been established.

• Sun exposure: Avoid artificial or natural sunlight exposure, even when pimecrolimus is not on the skin.

Warnings: Additional Pediatric Considerations

Clinical trial experience of 436 infants and children <2 years reported a higher incidence of detectable serum concentrations (possibly related to larger BSA:mass ratio) and infection (upper respiratory) or infection-related symptoms than comparative placebo (vehicle) group and older pediatric patients. Pimecrolimus long-term effects on the developing immune system are unknown.

Some dosage forms may contain propylene glycol; in neonates large amounts of propylene glycol delivered orally, intravenously (eg, >3,000 mg/day), or topically have been associated with potentially fatal toxicities which can include metabolic acidosis, seizures, renal failure, and CNS depression; toxicities have also been reported in children and adults including hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, seizures, and respiratory depression; use caution (AAP 1997; Shehab 2009).

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Cream, External:

Elidel: 1% (30 g, 60 g, 100 g) [contains benzyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, propylene glycol]

Generic: 1% (30 g, 60 g, 100 g)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Cream (Elidel External)

1% (per gram): $11.96

Cream (Pimecrolimus External)

1% (per gram): $10.15 - $10.72

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Cream, External:

Elidel: 1% (15 g, 30 g, 60 g, 100 g) [contains benzyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, propylene glycol]

Administration: Pediatric

Topical: Apply a thin layer of cream over affected area; limit application to areas of involvement; do not use with occlusive dressings. Burning at the application sites is common in the first few days of treatment and improves as atopic dermatitis improves. Discontinue use when symptoms have resolved. Avoid contact with eyes, nose, mouth and with cut, scraped, or infected skin areas. Wash hands with soap and water prior to and after cream application. If applying cream after a bath or shower, make sure skin is dry. Moisturizers may be applied after use of pimecrolimus cream.

Administration: Adult

Topical: Apply a thin layer to affected skin. Limit application to areas of involvement. Do not use with occlusive dressings. Burning at the application site is most common in first few days but improves over time. Discontinue use when symptoms have resolved; re-evaluate if symptoms persist >6 weeks. Moisturizers may be applied after use of pimecrolimus cream. Wash hands before and after use.

Oral lichen planus (off-label use): Apply to affected oral mucosa, cover with a thin layer of gauze to delay dilution with saliva (Ref). Eating, drinking, or chewing gum was not allowed for 30 minutes after application (Ref).

Hazardous Drugs Handling Considerations

This medication is not on the NIOSH (2016) list; however, it may meet the criteria for a hazardous drug. Pimecrolimus may cause carcinogenicity and has a structural or toxicity profile similar to existing hazardous agents. Assess risk to determine appropriate containment strategy (USP-NF 2017).

Use appropriate precautions for receiving, handling, administration, and disposal. Gloves (single) should be worn during receiving, unpacking, and placing in storage.

NIOSH recommends double gloving, a protective gown, and (if liquid that could splash) eye/face protection for administration of a topical product; if there is potential for inhalation, respiratory protections is recommended (NIOSH 2016).

Storage/Stability

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F); do not freeze.

Medication Guide and/or Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)

An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and at https://www.fda.gov/media/73430/download, must be dispensed with this medication.

Use

Second-line agent for short-term and intermittent chronic treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in non-immunocompromised patients unresponsive to, intolerant of, or not candidates for other treatments (FDA approved in ages ≥2 years and adults)

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Pimecrolimus may be confused with tacrolimus

High alert medication:

This medication is in a class the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes among its list of drug classes that have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of CYP3A4 (minor); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the dermatologic adverse effect of Pimecrolimus. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Corticosteroids (Systemic): Pimecrolimus may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Corticosteroids (Systemic). Risk X: Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May decrease the metabolism of Pimecrolimus. Risk C: Monitor therapy

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May decrease the metabolism of Pimecrolimus. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy): Pimecrolimus may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Immunosuppressants (Miscellaneous Oncologic Agents): Pimecrolimus may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Miscellaneous Oncologic Agents). Risk X: Avoid combination

Immunosuppressants (Therapeutic Immunosuppressant Agents): May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Pimecrolimus. Risk X: Avoid combination

Methotrexate: Pimecrolimus may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Methotrexate. Risk X: Avoid combination

Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies following topical application.

Monitoring Parameters

Signs and symptoms of infection in pediatric patients (particularly upper respiratory); dermal signs of worsening condition (increase in pruritus, erythema, excoriation, and lichenification)

Mechanism of Action

Penetrates inflamed epidermis to inhibit T cell activation by blocking transcription of proinflammatory cytokine genes such as interleukin-2, interferon gamma (Th1-type), interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 (Th2-type). Pimecrolimus binds to the intracellular protein FKBP-12, inhibiting calcineurin, which blocks cytokine transcription and inhibits T-cell activation. Prevents release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators from mast cells in vitro after stimulation by antigen/IgE.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of action: Time to significant improvement: 8 days (Wellington 2001).

Absorption: Topical: Low systemic absorption; blood concentration of pimecrolimus was routinely <2 ng/mL with treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients (13% to 62% BSA involvement); blood concentration of pimecrolimus was <3 ng/mL in 26 pediatric patients 2 to 14 years of age with atopic dermatitis (20% to 69% BSA involvement). Significant percutaneous absorption with systemic serum concentrations may occur in children due to the larger surface area to body mass ratio seen in pediatric patients (Segal 2013).

Protein binding: 99.5%, primarily to various lipoproteins.

Metabolism: Hepatic via cytochrome (CYP) P450 3A4.

Half-life elimination: Terminal: Oral: 30 to 40 hours (Wellington 2001)

Time to peak, serum: Topical: 2 to 6 hours

Excretion: Feces (78.4% as metabolites; <1% as unchanged drug)

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Elidel;
  • (AR) Argentina: Elidel;
  • (AT) Austria: Elidel;
  • (AU) Australia: Elidel;
  • (BD) Bangladesh: Elidel | Pmec;
  • (BE) Belgium: Elidel;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Elidel;
  • (BR) Brazil: Elidel;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Elidel;
  • (CL) Chile: Elidel;
  • (CN) China: Elidel;
  • (CO) Colombia: Elidel;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Elidel;
  • (DE) Germany: Douglan | Elidel | Velov;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Elidel;
  • (EC) Ecuador: Elidel;
  • (EE) Estonia: Elidel;
  • (EG) Egypt: Elidel;
  • (ES) Spain: Elidel | Rizan;
  • (FI) Finland: Elidel;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Elidel;
  • (GR) Greece: Aregen | Elidel;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Elidel;
  • (HR) Croatia: Elidel;
  • (HU) Hungary: Elidel;
  • (ID) Indonesia: Elidel;
  • (IE) Ireland: Elidel;
  • (IL) Israel: Elidel;
  • (IN) India: Elidel | Pacroma | Picon;
  • (IT) Italy: Elidel;
  • (JO) Jordan: Elidel;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Douglan | Ducran | Elidel;
  • (KW) Kuwait: Elidel;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Elidel;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Elidel;
  • (LU) Luxembourg: Elidel;
  • (LV) Latvia: Elidel;
  • (MX) Mexico: Camish | Elidel;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Elidel;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Elidel;
  • (NO) Norway: Elidel;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Elidel;
  • (PH) Philippines: Elidel;
  • (PL) Poland: Elidel;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Elidel;
  • (PT) Portugal: Elidel;
  • (QA) Qatar: Elidel;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Elidel;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Elidel;
  • (SE) Sweden: Elidel;
  • (SG) Singapore: Elidel;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Elidel;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Elidel;
  • (TH) Thailand: Elidel;
  • (TR) Turkey: Elidel;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Elidel;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Elidel;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Elidel;
  • (VE) Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of: Elidel;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Elidel;
  • (ZM) Zambia: Elidel
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