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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Recommended staging for testicular stromal cell tumors (from Children's Oncology Group testicular germ cell tumor staging)

Recommended staging for testicular stromal cell tumors (from Children's Oncology Group testicular germ cell tumor staging)
Stage Extent of disease
I Limited to testis (testes), completely resected by high inguinal orchiectomy; no clinical, radiographic, or histologic evidence of disease beyond the testes. Patients with normal or unknown tumor markers at diagnosis must have a negative ipsilateral retroperitoneal node sampling to confirm stage I disease if radiographic studies demonstrate lymph nodes >2 cm.
II Previous transscrotal biopsy; microscopic disease in scrotum or midway or higher in spermatic cord. Failure of tumor markers to normalize or decrease with an appropriate half life.
III Retroperitoneal lymph node involvement, but no visceral or extra-abdominal involvement. Lymph nodes >4 cm by CT or >2 cm and <4 cm with biopsy proof.
IV Distant metastases, including liver.
CT: computed tomography.
From: Schultz KP, Schneider DT, Pashankar F, et al. Management of ovarian and testicular sex cord-stromal tumors in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012; 34:S55. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31824e3867. Copyright © 2012. Reproduced with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. Unauthorized reproduction of this material is prohibited.
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