ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ
خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : -22 مورد

Atenolol: Pediatric drug information

Atenolol: Pediatric drug information
2025© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All Rights Reserved.
For additional information see "Atenolol: Drug information" and "Atenolol: Patient drug information"

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions show table
ALERT: US Boxed Warning
Cessation of therapy:

Advise patients with coronary artery disease who are being treated with atenolol against abrupt discontinuation of therapy. Severe exacerbation of angina and the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients with angina following the abrupt discontinuation of therapy with beta-blockers. The last 2 complications may occur with or without preceding exacerbation of the angina pectoris. As with other beta-blockers, when discontinuation of atenolol is planned, observe the patient carefully and advise the patient to limit physical activity to a minimum. If the angina worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, it is recommended that atenolol be promptly reinstituted, at least temporarily. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, it may be prudent not to discontinue atenolol therapy abruptly, even in patients treated only for hypertension.

Brand Names: US
  • Tenormin
Brand Names: Canada
  • AG-Atenolol;
  • APO-Atenol;
  • DOM-Atenolol [DSC];
  • GMD-Atenolol;
  • JAMP-Atenolol;
  • Mar-Atenolol;
  • MINT-Atenol;
  • PMS-Atenolol;
  • RIVA-Atenolol;
  • TARO-Atenolol;
  • Tenormin;
  • TEVA-Atenolol;
  • TRIA-Atenolol
Therapeutic Category
  • Antianginal Agent;
  • Antihypertensive Agent;
  • Beta-Adrenergic Blocker
Dosing: Pediatric

Dosage guidance:

Dosing: Dosage should be individualized based on patient response.

Hemangioma, infantile

Hemangioma, infantile: Limited data available: Infants and Children <3 years: Oral: Usual dose: 1 mg/kg/dose once daily (Ref); if response is inadequate, the dose can be titrated to a maximum dose of 3 mg/kg/day (Ref).

Hypertension

Hypertension: Children and Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day either once daily or divided in doses twice daily; titrate dose to effect; maximum daily dose: 2 mg/kg/day not to exceed 100 mg/day (Ref).

Marfan syndrome, aortic-root dilation

Marfan syndrome, aortic-root dilation: Limited data available: Infants ≥6 months, Children, and Adolescents: Initial: 0.5 mg/kg/day; titrate based on tolerability and clinical goal (eg, heart rate); maximum daily dose: 4 mg/kg/day not to exceed 250 mg/day (Ref). Dosing interval not clearly defined in the literature; once daily or divided doses twice daily are the most common dosing intervals reported in the literature for other indications; may consider dividing doses twice daily in patients <10 years of age due to shorter elimination half-life (Ref). Dosing based on a randomized clinical trial (atenolol group: n=303, mean age 11.5 ± 6.5 years) comparing aortic root growth in patients with Marfan syndrome and baseline aortic-root z score >3, receiving atenolol or losartan; no significant difference in aortic-root dilation over a 3-year period was found between the two groups (Ref).

Tachycardia, supraventricular

Tachycardia, supraventricular: Limited data available: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: Usual dose: 0.3 to 1 mg/kg/day either once daily or in divided doses every 12 hours; maximum daily dose: 2 mg/kg/day not to exceed 100 mg/day (Ref).

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis: Limited data available:

Infants and Children: Oral: 1 to 2 mg/kg/dose once daily; may increase to twice daily if needed; maximum adult dose: 100 mg/dose (Ref).

Adolescents: Oral: 25 to 100 mg/dose once to twice daily (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

Altered kidney function: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral:

GFR >50 mL/minute/1.73 m2: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).

GFR 30 to 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 1 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours; maximum adult daily dose: 50 mg/day (Ref).

GFR 10 to <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 1 mg/kg/dose every 48 hours (Ref); based on adult information, maximum dose should not exceed 50 mg/dose (Ref).

GFR <10 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 1 mg/kg/dose every 48 hours (Ref); based on adult information, maximum dose should not exceed 25 mg/dose (Ref).

Intermittent hemodialysis: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%) (Ref): Maximum dose: 1 mg/kg/dose every 48 hours; give after hemodialysis (Ref). Note: Usual adult dose is 25 to 50 mg/day (Ref).

Peritoneal dialysis: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: Not significantly dialyzed (Ref): Maximum dose: 1 mg/kg/dose every 48 hours (Ref); based on adult information, maximum dose should not exceed 25 mg/dose (Ref).

Dosing: Liver Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; of note, atenolol undergoes limited hepatic metabolism.

Dosing: Adult

(For additional information see "Atenolol: Drug information")

Angina, chronic stable

Angina, chronic stable:

Note: For vasospastic angina, beta-blockers are not recommended; calcium channel blockers and nitrates are preferred. For nonvasospastic angina, titrate beta-blocker to relieve angina or equivalent symptoms (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 50 mg once daily; may increase dose at weekly intervals based on frequency and severity of anginal symptoms and tolerability; usual dosage range: 50 to 100 mg once daily.

Atrial fibrillation/flutter, maintenance of ventricular rate control

Atrial fibrillation/flutter, maintenance of ventricular rate control (off-label use):

Oral: Initial: 25 mg once daily; increase dose gradually as tolerated to achieve ventricular rate control up to 100 mg once daily (Ref).

Hypertension

Hypertension (alternative agent):

Note: Recommended only in patients with specific comorbidities (eg, myocardial infarction [MI], arrhythmia) (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 25 mg once or twice daily; titrate at ≥1 week intervals as needed based on response and tolerability up to 100 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses (Ref).

Marfan syndrome with aortic aneurysm

Marfan syndrome with aortic aneurysm (off-label use):

Note : Data for specific dosing are limited but a beta-blocker is recommended to slow aortic dilation (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 0.5 mg/kg once daily; titrate to maintain heart rate <100 beats per minute after submaximal exercise (eg, running up and down 2 flights of stairs); doses should be rounded to the nearest 25 mg increment; usual dosage range: 25 to 100 mg/day; maximum dose: 200 mg/day (Ref).

Migraine, prevention

Migraine, prevention (alternative agent) (off-label use):

Note: An adequate trial for assessment of effect is considered to be at least 2 to 3 months at a therapeutic dose (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 25 mg once daily; titrate gradually (eg, every 1 to 2 weeks) based on response and tolerability up to 100 mg once daily (Ref).

Myocardial infarction, early treatment and secondary prevention

Myocardial infarction, early treatment and secondary prevention:

Note: An oral beta-blocker is recommended within the first 24 hours for most patients. Patients who did not receive a beta-blocker within 24 hours of MI should be reevaluated for secondary prevention at a later date (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 25 to 50 mg twice daily; some experts suggest a starting dose of 12.5 mg once daily when there is concern for adverse effects; titrate as tolerated based on heart rate and BP up to a usual maximum dose of 100 mg/day administered in 1 or 2 divided doses (Ref). Optimal duration of therapy is unknown; reassess need for long-term beta-blocker use (>1 year) if no other primary indication exists (eg, angina, arrhythmia, hypertension) (Ref).

Supraventricular tachycardia, maintenance of ventricular rate control

Supraventricular tachycardia (eg, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, focal atrial tachycardia, multifactorial atrial tachycardia), maintenance of ventricular rate control (off-label use):

Oral: Initial: 25 to 50 mg once daily; titrate based on response and tolerability; maximum recommended dose: 100 mg once daily (Ref).

Thyrotoxicosis

Thyrotoxicosis (off-label use):

Note: For control of adrenergic symptoms until euthyroidism is established (Ref).

Oral: Initial: 25 to 50 mg once daily; titrate as needed to control symptoms (eg, tachycardia, palpitations, tremulousness) up to a maximum of 200 mg/day in 2 divided doses. Doses ≥50 mg/day can be administered in 2 divided doses if adrenergic symptoms become noticeable toward the end of the dosing interval with once daily dosing (Ref).

Ventricular arrhythmia or ventricular premature beats, prevention

Ventricular arrhythmia or ventricular premature beats (symptomatic), prevention (off-label use):

Oral: Initial: 25 mg once daily; titrate dose as needed based on response and tolerability up to a maximum dose of 200 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses; usual dosage range: 25 to 100 mg/day (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.

Altered kidney function (Ref):

CrCl >30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl 10 to 30 mL/minute: Maximum dose: 50 mg daily.

CrCl <10 mL/minute: Maximum dose: 25 mg daily.

Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%) (Ref):

Daily dosing: 25 to 50 mg daily; when scheduled dose falls on a dialysis day, administer post dialysis (Ref).

Three times weekly (post dialysis) dosing: Initial: 25 to 50 mg 3 times weekly administered post dialysis on dialysis days; titrate based on patient response to a maximum of 100 mg 3 times weekly administered post dialysis on dialysis days (Ref).

Peritoneal dialysis: Not significantly dialyzed (Ref): Maximum: 25 mg daily (Ref).

Dosing: Liver Impairment: Adult

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; however, atenolol undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism.

Adverse Reactions (Significant): Considerations
Bradyarrhythmias

Beta-blockers may cause bradycardia or first, second, or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) heart block (Ref). At maintenance dosing, second- or third-degree AV block are less likely (Ref). Beta-blocking agents with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (eg, pindolol) may cause fewer AV conduction abnormalities than those without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (eg, atenolol) due to their partial agonist effects (Ref). In most cases (up to 72%), AV block associated with a beta-blocker will resolve upon discontinuation; however, there are reported cases of recurrent AV block and nearly 50% of patients with more severe AV block may require a permanent pacemaker (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose-related; related to the pharmacologic action. Blockade of cardiac beta-1 adrenergic receptors results in slowed conduction and prolongation in the refractory period of the AV node. Slowing of AV conduction can lead to AV block (Ref).

Onset: Varied; one study included patients who were on beta-blocker for more than 1 month (Ref); however, other studies noted prolongation of the PR interval or AV nodal refractory period occurring anywhere from 1 dose to several days following treatment initiation (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Impaired AV node or sinus node conduction (Ref)

• Concurrent use of other agents that impair AV nodal conduction (eg, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, digoxin, ivabradine, select antiarrhythmic agents) (Ref)

• Older patients (Ref)

• Hyperkalemia (Ref)

• Kidney impairment, including dialysis dependence (Ref)

Bronchospasm

Selective beta-blockers (eg, atenolol) have a lower risk of bronchospasm compared to non-cardioselective beta-blockers (Ref). While atenolol is associated with worsening bronchoconstriction and FEV1, there appears to be no change in overall day-to-day asthma control with use (Ref). Of the beta-blockers, atenolol has been associated with the least incidence of asthma attacks (Ref). Concurrent use of inhaled bronchodilators and/or corticosteroids are protective against beta-blocker–induced bronchospasm in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma (Ref). Bronchospasm is reversible upon discontinuation or use of bronchodilators (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose-related; related to pharmacologic action. Beta-blocking agents can lead to airway smooth muscle constriction by antagonism of beta-2 receptors (Ref).

Onset: Rapid (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Acute use (reports suggest that single doses or acute use are more likely to cause changes in FEV1 compared to chronic use) (Ref)

CNS effects

Beta-blockers may cause reversible CNS effects such as fatigue, insomnia, vivid dreams, memory impairment, and sexual disorder (Ref). Sexual disorders may occur; however, patients who require beta-blocker therapy may have risk factors for erectile dysfunction (eg, coronary artery disease, heart failure) (Ref). In addition, there may be a psychosomatic component (Ref). Hydrophilic beta-blockers, such as atenolol, penetrate the blood-brain barrier to a lesser extent than lipophilic beta-blockers, possibly leading to a lower incidence of CNS effects; however, other studies have refuted this theory (Ref). CNS effects generally resolve with dose reduction or discontinuation (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose-related; exact mechanism is not fully understood. Proposed mechanisms include presence of beta receptors in the brain, affinity, and in some instances, inhibition of beta-blocking agents towards serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the brain (affecting mood and sleep), and beta-blocker–induced decreases in central sympathetic output (Ref). Beta-1 blockade may also impact sleep by blocking sympathetic signaling to the pineal gland, resulting in suppression of nighttime levels of melatonin (Ref). Beta-blockers may cause erectile dysfunction through decreased sympathetic nervous system output and subsequent decreases in luteinizing hormone secretion and testosterone stimulation (Ref).

Onset: Intermediate; CNS effects often occur within the first few weeks of treatment (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Older patients (Ref)

• Higher starting doses (Ref)

Potentiation/masking of hypoglycemia

Beta-blockers may worsen, prolong, or cause hypoglycemia (Ref). Additionally, beta-blockers may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia (tremor, irritability, palpitations), making diaphoresis the only symptom unaffected by beta-blockers (Ref). It is unclear if nonselective or selective beta-blockers are more likely to cause hypoglycemia as data are conflicting (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose-related; related to the pharmacologic action. Beta-blockers inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (Ref). Beta-blockers also reduce activation of the sympathetic nervous system, therefore masking hypoglycemic symptoms that are catecholamine-mediated (Ref).

Onset: Varied; data are limited for atenolol; onset is extrapolated from other beta blocking agents: Blood glucose recovery was significantly reduced following 1 dose or 1 day of therapy (Ref); in another study, episodes of severe hypoglycemia were reported over the course of 4 years (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Insulin-dependent diabetes (Ref)

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ref)

• Hospitalized patients not requiring basal insulin (Ref)

Withdrawal

Beta-blocker therapy should not be withdrawn abruptly, but gradually tapered to avoid acute tachycardia, hypertension, and/or ischemia in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (Ref). Some studies have found an increase in propensity-adjusted mortality and cardiovascular events; however, one study did not find changes in infarct size and left ventricular function when beta-blocker was abruptly withdrawn in patients with myocardial infarction (Ref). Additionally, another study assessing effects of abrupt withdrawal of atenolol in patients with severe angina did not show any catastrophic coronary events (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose dependent; related to the pharmacologic action. Beta blockade causes upregulation of beta-receptors, enhanced receptor sensitivity, and decreased sympathetic nervous system response (Ref). Abrupt withdrawal leads to a transient sympathetic hyper-response (Ref). Another proposed mechanism involves increased platelet aggregability to epinephrine and thrombin (Ref).

Onset: Rapid/varied and transient; increases in heart rate and blood pressure appear 24 hours after abrupt withdrawal, peak after 48 hours, and subside after 7 days (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Abrupt withdrawal in chronic users (Ref)

• Past medical history of coronary artery disease (including chronic stable angina) (Ref)

• Past medical history of hypertension (Ref)

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Incidence rates are from studies in hypertensive patients unless otherwise noted.

>10%:

Cardiovascular: Bradycardia (3%; in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 18%) (table 1), heart failure (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 19%) (table 2), hypotension (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 25%), supraventricular tachycardia (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 12%), ventricular tachycardia (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 16%)

Atenolol: Adverse Reaction: Bradycardia

Drug (Atenolol)

Conventional Therapy

Placebo

Indication

Number of Patients (Atenolol)

Number of Patients (Conventional Therapy)

Number of Patients (Placebo)

Comments

18%

10%

N/A

Acute myocardial infarction

244

233

N/A

Conventional therapy plus atenolol

3%

N/A

0%

Hypertension

164

N/A

206

N/A

Atenolol: Adverse Reaction: Heart Failure

Drug (Atenolol)

Conventional Therapy

Placebo

Indication

Number of Patients (Atenolol)

Number of Patients (Conventional Therapy)

Number of Patients (Placebo)

Comments

19%

24%

N/A

Acute myocardial infarction

244

233

N/A

Conventional therapy plus atenolol

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Atrial fibrillation (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 5%), atrial flutter (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 2%), bundle branch block (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 7%), heart block (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 5%) (table 3), orthostatic hypotension (2%), pulmonary embolism (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 1%)

Atenolol: Adverse Reaction: Heart Block

Drug (Atenolol)

Conventional Therapy

Placebo

Indication

Number of Patients (Atenolol)

Number of Patients (Conventional Therapy)

Number of Patients (Placebo)

Comments

5%

4%

N/A

Acute myocardial infarction

244

233

N/A

Conventional therapy plus atenolol

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (2%), nausea (4%)

Nervous system: Dizziness (1% to 4%), fatigue (≤3%) (table 4), lethargy (1%), vertigo (2%)

Atenolol: Adverse Reaction: Fatigue

Drug (Atenolol)

Conventional Therapy

Placebo

Indication

Number of Patients (Atenolol)

Number of Patients (Conventional Therapy)

Number of Patients (Placebo)

Comments

3%

N/A

1%

Hypertension

164

N/A

206

N/A

0.6%

N/A

0.5%

Hypertension

164

N/A

206

Described as "tiredness"

Respiratory: Bronchospasm (in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 1%) (table 5)

Atenolol: Adverse Reaction: Bronchospasm

Drug (Atenolol)

Conventional Therapy

Placebo

Indication

Number of Patients (Atenolol)

Number of Patients (Conventional Therapy)

Number of Patients (Placebo)

Comments

1%

0.9%

N/A

Acute myocardial infarction

244

233

N/A

Conventional therapy plus atenolol

<1%:

Cardiovascular: Cardiogenic shock

Nervous system: Drowsiness

Renal: Renal failure syndrome

Frequency not defined:

Cardiovascular: Raynaud disease (Marshall 1976)

Immunologic: Antibody development

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Lupus-like syndrome (Gouet 1986)

Postmarketing:

Cardiovascular: Sick sinus syndrome (Neto 2022)

Dermatologic: Exacerbation of psoriasis (Yilmaz 2022), psoriasiform eruption (Wakefield 1990), transient alopecia

Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia

Genitourinary: Impotence, Peyronie disease

Hematologic & oncologic: Purpuric disease, thrombocytopenia

Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes, increased serum bilirubin

Nervous system: Hallucination, headache, psychosis (Viadero 1983)

Ophthalmic: Visual disturbance

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to atenolol or any component of the formulation; sinus bradycardia; heart block greater than first-degree (except in patients with a functioning artificial pacemaker); cardiogenic shock; uncompensated cardiac failure

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Bradycardia (regardless of origin); cor pulmonale; hypotension; severe peripheral arterial disorders; anesthesia with agents that produce myocardial depression; Pheochromocytoma (in the absence of alpha-blockade); metabolic acidosis

Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Warnings/Precautions

Disease-related concerns:

• Anaphylaxis: Beta-blockers are unlikely to cause anaphylaxis; however, in susceptible patients, beta-blockers have been associated with an increase in the severity of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis in the presence of a beta-blocker may be severe, protracted, and resistant to conventional treatment (Lang 2008; Toogood 1987).

• Heart failure: Stabilize patients on heart failure regimen prior to initiation or titration of beta-blocker. Beta-blocker therapy should be initiated at very low doses with gradual and very careful titration. Adjustment of other medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or diuretics) may be required. Efficacy of atenolol in heart failure has not been demonstrated as with other beta-blockers.

• Myasthenia gravis: Use with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis.

• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and Raynaud disease: May precipitate or aggravate symptoms of arterial insufficiency in patients with PVD and Raynaud disease. Use with caution and monitor for progression of arterial obstruction.

• Pheochromocytoma (untreated): Adequate alpha-blockade is required prior to use of any beta-blocker.

• Psoriasis: Beta-blocker use has been associated with induction or exacerbation of psoriasis, but cause and effect have not been firmly established.

• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; dosage adjustment required.

• Thyroid disease: May mask signs of hyperthyroidism (eg, tachycardia). If hyperthyroidism is suspected, carefully manage and monitor; abrupt withdrawal may precipitate thyroid storm. Alterations in thyroid function tests may be observed.

• Vasospastic angina: Beta-blockers without alpha1-adrenergic receptor blocking activity should be avoided in patients with Prinzmetal variant angina since unopposed alpha1-adrenergic receptors mediate coronary vasoconstriction and can worsen anginal symptoms (Mayer 1998).

Other warnings/precautions:

• Major surgery: Chronic beta-blocker therapy should not be routinely withdrawn prior to major surgery.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Tenormin: 25 mg, 50 mg

Tenormin: 50 mg [scored]

Tenormin: 100 mg

Generic: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Tablets (Atenolol Oral)

25 mg (per each): $0.24 - $0.82

50 mg (per each): $0.79 - $0.83

100 mg (per each): $1.22 - $1.49

Tablets (Tenormin Oral)

25 mg (per each): $16.03

50 mg (per each): $16.03

100 mg (per each): $16.03

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Tenormin: 50 mg, 100 mg [contains corn starch]

Generic: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg

Extemporaneous Preparations

2 mg/mL Oral Suspension (ASHP Standard Concentration) (ASHP 2017)

A 2 mg/mL oral suspension may be made with tablets. Crush four 50 mg tablets in a mortar and reduce to a fine powder. Add a small amount of glycerin and mix to a uniform paste. Mix while adding Ora-Sweet SF vehicle in incremental proportions to almost 100 mL; transfer to a calibrated amber bottle, rinse mortar with vehicle, and add quantity of vehicle sufficient to make 100 mL. Label “shake well”. Stable for 90 days at room temperature.

Nahata MC and Pai VB. Pediatric Drug Formulations. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Harvey Whitney Books Co; 2014.
Patel D, Doshi DH, Desai A. Short-term stability of atenolol in oral liquid formulations. Int J Pharm Compd. 1997;1(6):437-439.23989440
Administration: Pediatric

Oral: May be administered without regard to food

Administration: Adult

Oral: May be administered without regard to meals.

Storage/Stability

Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).

Use

Treatment of hypertension, alone or in combination with other agents (FDA approved in adults); long-term management of angina pectoris (FDA approved in adults); management of hemodynamically stable patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction to reduce cardiovascular mortality (FDA approved in adults); has also been used for management of supraventricular tachycardia, infantile hemangioma, Marfan syndrome (prevention of aortic-root dilation), and thyrotoxicosis.

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Atenolol may be confused with albuterol, Altenol, timolol, Tylenol

Tenormin may be confused with Imuran, Norpramin, thiamine, Trovan

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of OCT1, OCT2;

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Alfuzosin: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Alpha2-Agonists: Beta-Blockers may increase rebound hypertensive effects of Alpha2-Agonists. This effect can occur when the Alpha2-Agonist is abruptly withdrawn. Alpha2-Agonists may increase AV-blocking effects of Beta-Blockers. Sinus node dysfunction may also be enhanced. Management: Closely monitor heart rate during treatment with a beta blocker and clonidine. Withdraw beta blockers several days before clonidine withdrawal when possible, and monitor blood pressure closely. Recommendations for other alpha2-agonists are unavailable. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Amifostine. Management: When used at chemotherapy doses, hold blood pressure lowering medications for 24 hours before amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be held, do not administer amifostine. Use caution with radiotherapy doses of amifostine. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Amiodarone: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Possibly to the point of cardiac arrest. Amiodarone may increase serum concentration of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Amphetamines: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Ampicillin: May decrease bioavailability of Atenolol. Risk C: Monitor

Antidiabetic Agents: Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may increase adverse/toxic effects of Antidiabetic Agents. Specifically, beta-blockers may mask the hypoglycemic symptoms of antidiabetic agents. Risk C: Monitor

Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Risk C: Monitor

Arginine: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Bacampicillin: May decrease bioavailability of Atenolol. Risk C: Monitor

Barbiturates: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Benperidol: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Beta2-Agonists: Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may decrease bronchodilatory effects of Beta2-Agonists. Of particular concern with nonselective beta-blockers or higher doses of the beta1 selective beta-blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Bradycardia-Causing Agents: May increase bradycardic effects of Bradycardia-Causing Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Brigatinib: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Brigatinib may increase bradycardic effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Brimonidine (Topical): May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Bromperidol: May decrease hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Bromperidol. Risk X: Avoid

Cafedrine: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Cafedrine. Risk C: Monitor

Cannabis: Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of Cannabis. Specifically, the risk of hypoglycemia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Ceritinib: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Ceritinib. Management: If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for evidence of symptomatic bradycardia, and closely monitor blood pressure and heart rate during therapy. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Cholinergic Agonists: Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of Cholinergic Agonists. Of particular concern are the potential for cardiac conduction abnormalities and bronchoconstriction. Risk C: Monitor

Dexmethylphenidate: May decrease therapeutic effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Diazoxide: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Dipyridamole: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Disopyramide: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Beta-Blockers may increase negative inotropic effects of Disopyramide. Risk C: Monitor

DOBUTamine: Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of DOBUTamine. Risk C: Monitor

Dronedarone: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Dronedarone may increase serum concentration of Beta-Blockers. This likely applies only to those agents that are metabolized by CYP2D6. Management: Use lower initial beta-blocker doses; adequate tolerance of the combination, based on ECG findings, should be confirmed prior to any increase in beta-blocker dose. Increase monitoring for clinical response and adverse effects. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor

EPHEDrine (Systemic): Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of EPHEDrine (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor

EPINEPHrine (Nasal): Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may decrease therapeutic effects of EPINEPHrine (Nasal). Risk C: Monitor

EPINEPHrine (Oral Inhalation): Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may decrease therapeutic effects of EPINEPHrine (Oral Inhalation). Risk C: Monitor

EPINEPHrine (Systemic): Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may decrease therapeutic effects of EPINEPHrine (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor

Ergot Derivatives (Vasoconstrictive CYP3A4 Substrates): Beta-Blockers may increase vasoconstricting effects of Ergot Derivatives (Vasoconstrictive CYP3A4 Substrates). Risk C: Monitor

Etilefrine: Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Etilefrine. Etilefrine may increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Etofylline: Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Etofylline. Risk X: Avoid

Etrasimod: May increase bradycardic effects of Bradycardia-Causing Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Fexinidazole: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase arrhythmogenic effects of Fexinidazole. Risk X: Avoid

Fingolimod: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Fingolimod. Management: Consult with the prescriber of any bradycardia-causing agent to see if the agent could be switched to an agent that does not cause bradycardia prior to initiating fingolimod. If combined, perform continuous ECG monitoring after the first fingolimod dose. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Flunarizine: May increase therapeutic effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Glycopyrrolate (Systemic): May increase serum concentration of Atenolol. Risk C: Monitor

Grass Pollen Allergen Extract (5 Grass Extract): Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of Grass Pollen Allergen Extract (5 Grass Extract). More specifically, Beta-Blockers may inhibit the ability to effectively treat severe allergic reactions to Grass Pollen Allergen Extract (5 Grass Extract) with epinephrine. Some other effects of epinephrine may be unaffected or even enhanced (e.g., vasoconstriction) during treatment with Beta-Blockers. Management: Consider alternatives to either grass pollen allergen extract (5 grass extract) or beta-blockers in patients with indications for both agents. Canadian product labeling specifically lists this combination as contraindicated. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Increasing Effects: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Lowering Effects: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Iloperidone: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Indoramin: May increase hypotensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Isocarboxazid: May increase antihypertensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk X: Avoid

Isoproterenol: Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Isoproterenol. Risk C: Monitor

Ivabradine: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Ivabradine. Risk C: Monitor

Lacosamide: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase AV-blocking effects of Lacosamide. Risk C: Monitor

Landiolol: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Landiolol. Risk X: Avoid

Levodopa-Foslevodopa: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Levodopa-Foslevodopa. Risk C: Monitor

Loop Diuretics: May increase hypotensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Lormetazepam: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Mavacamten: Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of Mavacamten. Specifically, negative inotropic effects may be increased. Risk C: Monitor

Metergoline: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase orthostatic hypotensive effects of Metergoline. Risk C: Monitor

Methacholine: Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of Methacholine. Risk C: Monitor

Methylphenidate: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Midodrine: May increase bradycardic effects of Bradycardia-Causing Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Mivacurium: Beta-Blockers may increase therapeutic effects of Mivacurium. Risk C: Monitor

Molsidomine: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Naftopidil: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Nicergoline: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Nicorandil: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

NIFEdipine (Topical): May increase adverse/toxic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

NIFEdipine: May increase hypotensive effects of Beta-Blockers. NIFEdipine may increase negative inotropic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Nitrendipine: May increase therapeutic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Nitroprusside. Risk C: Monitor

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Topical): May decrease therapeutic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Obinutuzumab: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Opipramol: Beta-Blockers may increase serum concentration of Opipramol. Opipramol may increase serum concentration of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Ozanimod: May increase bradycardic effects of Bradycardia-Causing Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Pentoxifylline: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Perazine: May increase hypotensive effects of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Pholcodine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Pholcodine. Risk C: Monitor

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Ponesimod: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Ponesimod. Management: Avoid coadministration of ponesimod with drugs that may cause bradycardia when possible. If combined, monitor heart rate closely and consider obtaining a cardiology consult. Do not initiate ponesimod in patients on beta-blockers if HR is less than 55 bpm. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Prazosin: Antihypertensive Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Prazosin. Risk C: Monitor

Prostacyclin Analogues: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Quinagolide: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Reserpine: May increase hypotensive effects of Beta-Blockers. Reserpine may increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk C: Monitor

Rivastigmine: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Risk X: Avoid

Silodosin: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor

Siponimod: Bradycardia-Causing Agents may increase bradycardic effects of Siponimod. Management: Avoid coadministration of siponimod with drugs that may cause bradycardia. If combined, consider obtaining a cardiology consult regarding patient monitoring. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Succinylcholine: Beta-Blockers may increase neuromuscular-blocking effects of Succinylcholine. Risk C: Monitor

Tasimelteon: Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Tasimelteon. Management: Consider avoiding nighttime administration of beta-blockers during tasimelteon therapy due to the potential for reduced tasimelteon efficacy. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Terazosin: Antihypertensive Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Terazosin. Risk C: Monitor

Theodrenaline: May increase bradycardic effects of Beta-Blockers. Beta-Blockers may decrease therapeutic effects of Theodrenaline. Risk C: Monitor

Theophylline Derivatives: Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective) may decrease bronchodilatory effects of Theophylline Derivatives. Risk C: Monitor

Urapidil: Antihypertensive Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Urapidil. Risk C: Monitor

White Birch Allergen Extract: Beta-Blockers may increase adverse/toxic effects of White Birch Allergen Extract. Specifically, beta-blockers may reduce the effectiveness of beta-agonists that may be required to treat systemic reactions to white birch allergen extract. Risk X: Avoid

Food Interactions

Atenolol serum concentrations may be decreased if taken with food. Management: Administer without regard to meals.

Reproductive Considerations

Medications considered acceptable for the treatment of chronic hypertension during pregnancy may generally be used in patients trying to conceive. Atenolol is not considered a preferred agent for use in pregnant patients; consider transitioning to a preferred agent in patients planning to become pregnant (ACC/AHA [Whelton 2018]; ACOG 2019).

Atenolol is effective for prevention of migraines. In general, preventive treatment for migraine in patients trying to become pregnant should be avoided. Options for patients planning a pregnancy should be considered as part of a shared decision-making process. Nonpharmacologic interventions should be considered initially. When needed, preventive treatment should be individualized considering the available safety data and needs of the patient should pregnancy occur. A gradual discontinuation of preventive medications is generally preferred when the decision is made to stop treatment prior to conception (ACOG 2022; AHS [Ailani 2021]).

Impotence is noted in product labeling following postmarketing use of atenolol. As a class, outcomes from available studies evaluating beta-blockers and sexual dysfunction are inconsistent, and the negative effects on erectile function and libido are considered controversial. A clear relationship between use of beta-blockers and erectile dysfunction has not been established. Hypertension itself is associated with erectile dysfunction. Patients on a beta-blocker presenting with sexual dysfunction should be evaluated for underlying disease (Farmakis 2021; Levine 2012; Semet 2017; Terentes-Printzios 2022; Viigimaa 2020).

Pregnancy Considerations

Atenolol crosses the placenta and is found in cord blood.

Maternal use of atenolol may cause harm to the fetus. Adverse events, such as bradycardia, hypoglycemia and reduced birth weight, have been observed following in utero exposure to atenolol. If maternal use of a beta-blocker is needed, monitor fetal growth during pregnancy; monitor the newborn for 48 hours after delivery for bradycardia, hypoglycemia, and respiratory depression (ESC [Regitz-Zagrosek 2018]).

Chronic maternal hypertension is also associated with adverse events in the fetus/infant. Chronic maternal hypertension may increase the risk of birth defects, low birth weight, premature delivery, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Actual fetal/neonatal risks may be related to the duration and severity of maternal hypertension. Untreated chronic hypertension may also increase the risks of adverse maternal outcomes, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, delivery complications, stroke, and myocardial infarction (ACOG 2019).

The maternal pharmacokinetic parameters of atenolol during the second and third trimesters are within the ranges reported in nonpregnant patients (Hebert 2005).

When treatment of chronic hypertension during pregnancy is indicated, atenolol is not recommended due to adverse fetal/neonatal events (ACOG 2019; ESC [Cífková 2020]; ESC [Regitz-Zagrosek 2018]). Atenolol is also not recommended for the treatment of atrial fibrillation or supraventricular tachycardia during pregnancy; consult current guidelines for specific recommendations (ESC [Regitz-Zagrosek 2018]).

In general, preventive treatment for migraine should be avoided during pregnancy. Options for pregnant patients should be considered as part of a shared decision-making process. Nonpharmacologic interventions should be considered initially. When needed, preventive treatment should be individualized considering the available safety data, the potential for adverse maternal and fetal events, and needs of the patient (ACOG 2022; AHS [Ailani 2021]). If preventive therapy is needed, beta-blockers may be considered (ACOG 2022) however agents other than atenolol may be preferred (CHS [Pringsheim 2012]).

Monitoring Parameters

Blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, respiratory rate, and signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia with oral administration (especially in infants and young children).

Mechanism of Action

Competitively blocks response to beta-adrenergic stimulation, selectively blocks beta1-receptors with little or no effect on beta2-receptors except at high doses

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of action: Beta-blocking effect: Onset: Oral: ≤1 hour; Peak effect: Oral: 2 to 4 hours

Duration: Normal renal function: Beta-blocking effect: 12 to 24 hours; Antihypertensive effect: Oral: 24 hours

Absorption: Oral: Rapid, incomplete (~50%)

Distribution: Low lipophilicity; does not cross blood-brain barrier

Protein binding: 6% to 16%

Metabolism: Limited hepatic

Half-life elimination: Beta:

Newborns (<24 hours of age) born to mothers receiving atenolol: Mean: 16 hours; up to 35 hours (Rubin 1983)

Children and Adolescents 5 to 16 years of age: Mean: 4.6 hours; range: 3.5 to 7 hours; Patients >10 years of age may have longer half-life (>5 hours) compared to children 5 to 10 years of age (<5 hours) (Buck 1989)

Adults: Normal renal function: 6 to 7 hours, prolonged with renal impairment; End-stage renal disease (ESRD): 15 to 35 hours

Time to peak, plasma: Oral: 2 to 4 hours

Excretion: Feces (50%); urine (40% as unchanged drug)

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Altered kidney function: Elimination is closely related to glomerular filtration rate. Significant accumulation occurs when CrCl falls below 35 mL/minute per 1.73 m2.

Older adult: Total clearance is about 50% lower than in younger subjects. Half-life is markedly longer in older adults.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Apo atenolol | Aten | Ateno | Betaten | Blokium | Glormin | Hypoten | Normoten | Novo atenol | Tenol | Tenormin | Tensotin;
  • (AR) Argentina: Apo atenolol | Atel | Atelan | Atelsta | Atenoblock | Atenolol biotenk | Atenolol eczane | Atenolol fabop | Atenolol fabra | Atenolol fecofar | Atenolol gador | Atenolol gen med | Atenolol lacefa | Atenolol microsules | Atenolol northia | Atenolol puntanos | Atenolol quesada | Atenolol vannier | Atenolol vent 3 | Fabotenol | Fada atenolol | Felobits | Lolateno | Myocord | Plenacor | Prenormine | Telvodin | Tozolden | Vericordin;
  • (AT) Austria: Atehexal | Atenolan | Atenolol genericon | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol stada artzneimittel gmbh | Atenolol-1a | Atenotyrol | Tenormin;
  • (AU) Australia: Anselol | Apo atenolol | Atehexal | Atenolol aft | Atenolol an | Atenolol PS | Atenolol rbx | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol-bc | Atenolol-GA | Cm atenolol | Dbl atenolol | Noten | Sbpa atenolol | Tenolten | Tenormin | Tensig | Tw atenolol;
  • (BD) Bangladesh: Anetol | Apres | Ateloc | Atenol | Atin | Atol | B Card | Betanol | Betapress | Betasec | Bpnol | Cardilock | Cardipro | Cardisef | Carsec | Enol | Etnol | Janol | Lonet | Lopres | Lorten | Normaten | Norpress | Precinol | Recard | Tenocard | Tenol | Tenoloc | Tenolol | Tenoren | Tenormin | Tensin | Vasocard;
  • (BE) Belgium: Atenolol eg | Atenolol eurogenerics | Atenolol Far | Atenolol Kela | Atenolol merck-generics | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol teva generics belgium | Atenomed | Atenotop | Athenol | Blokium | Docateno | Kelatenor | Tenormin;
  • (BF) Burkina Faso: Blokium | Captenol | Tensicard;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Blocotenol | Tenormin | Tredol;
  • (BR) Brazil: Ablok | Angiless | Angipress | Angitens | Atecard | Atenalon | Atenegran | Ateneo | Ateneum | Atenobal | Atenokin | Atenol | Atenolab | Atenopress | Atenorm | Atenoton | Atenuol | Atepress | Biotenor | Neotenol | Plenacor | Ritcor | Telol | Tenolon;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Atenil | Atenil submite | Ateno-basan | Atenolol Adico | Atenolol genericon | Atenolol helvepharm | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol skyepharma | Atenolol spirig | Atenolol spirig hc | Atenolol upsa | Atenolol-cophar | Cardaxen | Cardaxen 100 | Tenormin;
  • (CI) Côte d'Ivoire: Atenolol denk | Betatop | Blokium | Cardinol | Normet | Novaten | Precyl | Tenolol | Tenormine | Tensicard;
  • (CL) Chile: Betacar | Grifotenol | Labotensil | Sotacor | Tenormin;
  • (CN) China: Tenormin;
  • (CO) Colombia: Atenolol mk | Diluxen | Plenacor | Tenormin;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Apo atenol | Ateblocor | Atehexal | Atenobene | Atenolol al | Atenolol dh | Blocotenol | Catenol | Tenormin;
  • (DE) Germany: Ate abz | Ate lich | Atebeta | Atehexal | Atendol | Ateno Isis | Ateno klast | Atenogamma | Atenolol axcount | Atenolol Billix | Atenolol denk | Atenolol freemed | Atenolol holsten | Atenolol von ct | Atenomerck | Blocotenol | Cuxanorm | Dignobeta | Duratenol | Evitocor | Falitonsin | Jenatenol | Juvental | Phamolol | Teno | Teno biochemie | Tenormin | Tonoprotect | Unibloc;
  • (DK) Denmark: Atenolol biochemie | Atenolol merck nm;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Atelol | Atenobrit | Atenofar | Atenorin b | Betabloquin | Betanolol | Blocotenol | Blokanol | Blokium | Blotenol | Carcepin | Cardaten | Corin | Cymatelol | Farbloc | Fratenolol | Nolol | Soldent | Tensil | Tensional;
  • (EC) Ecuador: A tnolstar | Atenolol mk | Atenolol nifa | Plenacor | Tendiol | Tenormin | Vericordin;
  • (EE) Estonia: Atehexal | Atenobene | Atenodex | Atenolan | Atenolol ns | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenololum | Atenolool | Atenosan | Normolol | Tenormin | Uniloc;
  • (EG) Egypt: Atelol | Ateno | Atenoblock | Atenol | Blokium | Tenoloc | Tenormin | Tenotens | Tensolol;
  • (ES) Spain: Atenolol alter | Atenolol Apotex | Atenolol aurovitas | Atenolol bexal | Atenolol Boi | Atenolol Cinfa | Atenolol edigen | Atenolol leo | Atenolol mundogen | Atenolol normon | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol Tarbis | Blokium | Neatenol | Tanser | Tenormin;
  • (ET) Ethiopia: Ateleb | Atenol | Atenolol denk | Betafil | Cardioten | Tenomac | Tenormin;
  • (FI) Finland: Alinor | Atenblock | Atenol | Atenolol leiras | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol tika | Tenoblock | Tenoprin | Uniloc;
  • (FR) France: Atenolol accord | Atenolol actavis | Atenolol Arrow | Atenolol Bayer | Atenolol biogaran | Atenolol gnr | Atenolol irex | Atenolol ivax | Atenolol merck | Atenolol MSD | Atenolol qualimed | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol rpg | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol teva | Atenolol zydus | Betatop | Tenormine | Xaten;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Antipressan | Atenolol A L | Atenolol Almus | Atenolol aps | Atenolol Arrow | Atenolol berk | Atenolol cox | Atenolol Kent | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol Zanza | Presumex | Tenormin | Tenormin ls | Totamol;
  • (GR) Greece: Azectol | Blocotenol | Fealin | Hemon | Mesonex | Mezarid | Neocardon | Silder | Synarome | Tenormin | Tradiver;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Alonet | Antipressan | Apo atenol | Atenolol Cinfa | Atenomel | Celonol | Corotenol | Cp atenol | Hypernol | Korus atenolol | Lo-ten | Normaten | Noten | Telol | Ten-bloka | Tenoren | Tenormin | Ternolol | Totamol | Tredol | Vascotan | Vascoten | Velorin;
  • (HR) Croatia: Atenolol Jadran | Atenolol Pliva | Ormidol | Tenormin;
  • (HU) Hungary: Atenobene | Atenolol-al | Atenolol-b | Atenomel | Blokium | Huma-atenol | Prinorm | Tenormin;
  • (ID) Indonesia: Betablok | Farnormin | Hiblok | Internolol | Lotenac | Tenblok | Tenormin | Tensinorm | Zumablok;
  • (IE) Ireland: Amolin | Antipressan | Atecor | Ateni | Atenogen | Atenomel | Nortenolol | Tenormin | Trantalol;
  • (IL) Israel: Aponorm | Normalol | Normiten;
  • (IN) India: Alinor | Aloten | Altol | Anol | Astanol | At-syn | Atanol | Atcom | Atecard | Atekind | Atelol | Atemarc | Aten | Atenex | Atenij | Atenkind | Atenova | Atepres | Atese | Atigal | Atmost | Atnol | Atol | Atop | Atormin | Atpark | Becardol | Benol | Beta | Betacard | Betadure | Beten | Bipinol | Bp norm | Cadpres | Catenol | Coronol | Dilpres | Enee | Entolol | G-Ten | Hibesor | Hipres | Hyten | Itel | Lakten | Latenol | Lonet | Lonol | M nol | Manoten | Nalotol | Novaten | O-beta | Odinol | Olate | Otenol | Ozoten | Pertenol | Reno | Stanol | Storatol | Tefifin | Temin | Tenase | Teno | Tenokem | Tenolol | Tenomac | Tenorex | Tenormin | Tensicard | Tensimin | Terifin | Utl | Ziblok;
  • (IQ) Iraq: Awatenol;
  • (IS) Iceland: Tensol;
  • (IT) Italy: Atenol | Atenololo | Atenololo Actavis | Atenololo ahcl | Atenololo almus | Atenololo aurobindo | Atenololo Bouty | Atenololo doc | Atenololo eg | Atenololo Fg | Atenololo Rat | Atenololo sigma tau | Atermin | Seles beta | Tenomax | Tenormin;
  • (JO) Jordan: Blokium | Hypoten | Loten | Tenolol | Tenopress | Tenormin;
  • (JP) Japan: Alcenol harasawa | Alcenol hexal | Alcenol kayaku | Almylar | Aloteno | Atelol | Atendal | Atenemeal | Atenolol emec | Atenolol nissin | Atenolol t iwaki | Atenolol t teisan | Atenorhythm | Atenosafe | Dolru | Fellfish | Hajime | Hamiya | Katenomin | Katenomin choseido | Katenomin merck hoei | Kushisemin | Lismories | Mecrol | Metinin | Mezolmin | Mirobect | Neglies | Originol | Plablem | Ritterun | Sailagile kobayashi | Savetens | Slinstar | Tenomilol | Tenormin | Towamin;
  • (KE) Kenya: Anolol | Atecard | Aten | Atenol | Atenolol denk | Atin | Betanorm | Blokium | Cardinol | Cardioten | Catenol | Hyperlok | Lonet | Tenolol | Tenormin | Tredol;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Aiti | Al | Anol | Anolene | Anolex | Anolmin | Anolpin | Anorlex | Antebinol | Antevinol | Aprogen atenolol | Arandin | Asotin | Asten | Atelmin | Atelol | Atelonal | Aten | Atena | Atenal | Atendol | Ateno | Atenol | Atenolin | Atenormin | Ateronal | Atolmin | Atonic | Betarol | Betelmin | Betenol | Bitenol | Carteol | Casperol | Daewoo atenolol | Daewoong atenolol | Daewoongbio atenolol | Detent | Emtenol | Fastenol | Feron | Gl atenolol | Hana atenolol | Hiten | Kms atenolol | Latemin | Lite atenolol | Lotenal | Lozamin | Maxinol | Mytenol | Newgenpharm atenolol | Oltenol | Reyon atenolol | Scd Atenolol | Shinpoong atenolol | Temoret | Tenal | Tenarol | Tenopress | Tenorlan | Tenormin | Withus atenolol;
  • (KW) Kuwait: Atormin | Betaten | Cardol | Corotenol | Glormin | Tenol | Tenormin | Tensotin;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Apo atenolol | Atenolol biogaran | Atonium | Blokium | Cardaten | Corotenol | Tenormin | Tensotin;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Apo atenolol | Atcardil | Atenobene | Atenodex | Atenolan | Atenolol bp | Atenosan | Betacard | Catenol | Ormidol | Synarome | Tenormin | Uniloc;
  • (LU) Luxembourg: Atehexal | Atenolol eg | Athenol | Docateno | Tenormin;
  • (LV) Latvia: Atcardil | Atehexal | Atenobene | Atenodex | Atenolan | Atenolol accord | Atenolol aliud | Atenolol Cinfa | Atenolol stada | Atenolol von ct | Atenosan | Betacard | Catenol | Ormidol | Synarome | Tenormin | Uniloc;
  • (MA) Morocco: Atenor | Normatens | Normet | Tenormine | Xytenol | Zotrol;
  • (MX) Mexico: Atcord | Atenolol degort's | Atenolol gi serral | Atoken | Biofilen | Blotex | Cartenol | Coraten | Internol | Lesaten | Min-t | Nosbal | Tenormin | Thoratoz;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Apo atenol | Atebloc | Atehexal | Atekline | Atemin | Atenol | Atenolol Pharmaniaga | Aveten | Axcel atenolol | Beten | Coratol | Corotenol | Dynormin | Loten | Noten | Oraday | Pretenol | Ranlol | Renotol | Sanormin | Tenol | Tenormin | Ternolol | Uphanormin | Urosin | Vascoten | Velorin;
  • (NG) Nigeria: Atenomel | Atpure 50 | Betafil | Bitenol | Eden | Eden atenolol | Pretenol | Ratenol | Sanolol | Tenolol | Tenormin;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Atenolol accord | Atenolol alpharma | Atenolol flx | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol teva | Tenormin | Tenormine;
  • (NO) Norway: Alinor | Atenolol 1a pharma | Atenolol aliud | Atenolol mylan | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol sandoz | Atenolol viatris | Tenormin | Tenormin ls | Uniloc;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Anselol | Apo atenolol | Atenolol viatris | Global atenolol | Lo-ten | Loten | Tenormin;
  • (OM) Oman: Betaten;
  • (PE) Peru: Apo atenol | Arterium | Atenobiotech | Atenolmek | Atenolol labot | Cardaten | Tenolat | Tenormin | Tonocor;
  • (PH) Philippines: Aloten | Aten | Atenol | Atenolol Drugmakers | Atenolol stada | Cardioten | Durabeta | Myovasc | Rotelol | Serten | Tenor bloc | Tenorvas | Tensimin | Therabloc | Trubloc | Velodin | Velorin | Zenobloc;
  • (PK) Pakistan: Adonax | Antolol | Atelomir | Atelor | Atelosim | Ateno-heart | Atenocard | Atenopharm | Atenorm | Atenosap | Atenoscot | Atl | Atlin | Atn | Atromin | Atson | Betanol | Betarol | Blocker | Blokium | Cardaxen | Cardi | Cardilol | Cardiolite | Cardipro | Careeb | Caricard | Cartac | Caten | Controbeat | Coxalol | Diolit | Eourmin | Eplacard | Hypernol | Iqanol | M nol | Minocard | Netolol | Nomin | Normitab | Plinol | Pulsbit | Pulse | Qunoten | Retlol | Sydlol | Tenol | Tenormax | Tenormin | Tinocard | Totamol | Tredol | Trobel | Uminol | Zafnol;
  • (PL) Poland: Aminol | Apo atenol | Atehexal | Atendol | Atenolol lph | Blocotenol | Normocard | Tenormin | Utl;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Tenormin;
  • (PT) Portugal: Ancoren | Atenolol labesfal | Blokium | Tenormin | Tessifol;
  • (PY) Paraguay: Alfatenol | Atarox | Atenocar | Atenolol caplin point | Atenolol dallas | Atenolol emcure | Atenolol gador | Atenolol mintlab | Atenolol vivele | Betafar | Bloket | Dilapres | Fabotenol | Indoca | Plenacor | Prenormine | Terquin;
  • (QA) Qatar: Atelol | Atormin | Betaten | Glormin | Hypoten | Tenol | Tenormin | Tensotin;
  • (RO) Romania: Atecor | Atenil | Atenocor | Atenolol arena | Atenolol lph | Azectol | Blocotenol | Ephitensin | Synarome | Vascoten;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Apo atenol | Aten | Atenobene | Atenol | Atenolan | Atenolol Agio | Atenolol akos | Atenolol akri | Atenolol belupo | Atenolol nycomed | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol stada | Atenolol ubf | Betacard | Betadur | Catenol | Hypoten | Prinorm | Tenolol | Tenormin | Uniloc | Vascoten | Vero atenolol;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Apo atenol | Atormin | Betaten | Blokium | Hypoten | Normoten | Novo atenol | Pms-atenolol | Preslo | Tenol | Tenormin | Tensotin;
  • (SE) Sweden: Atenolol 2care4 | Atenolol actavis | Atenolol merck nm | Atenolol mylan | Atenolol nordic | Atenolol nycomed | Atenolol orifarm | Atenolol sandoz | Tenormin;
  • (SG) Singapore: Aiti | Alonet | Apo atenol | Coratol | Hypernol | Normaten | Noten | Prenolol | Tenol | Tenolol | Tenormin | Urosin | Vascoten;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Ormidol | Tenormin | Velorin;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Atehexal | Atenobene | Atenolol al | Atenolol dh | Tenormin;
  • (SR) Suriname: Apo atenol | Atenolol accord | Atenolol alpharma | Atenolol denk | Atenolol Ratiopharm | Atenolol sandoz | Cardipro | Hipres | Lonol | Novo atenolol | Tenolol | Tenormin | Tenormine | Ternolol | Totamol | Velorin;
  • (TH) Thailand: Apo atenolol | Atehexal | Atemin | Atenol | Atenolol Kopran | Atenolol Nida | Banolol | Betaday | Cardnol | Catinol | Coratol | Enolol | Inolol | Nolol | Nortelol | Noten | Oraday | Pharmalol | Pharoxin | Preloc | Prenolol | Tenocard | Tenocor | Tenol | Tenolol | Tenormin | Tenpress | Tenrol | Tetalin | Tinolol | Vascoten | Velorin;
  • (TN) Tunisia: Atenad | Atenor | Hypoten | Inicard | Tenormine | Vascoten;
  • (TR) Turkey: As atens | Atolteva | Nortan | Tensinor;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Aircrit | Anlipin | Apo atenol | Atehexal | Atelon | Atenemeal | Ateno | Atenol | Atenorhythm | Atenormin | Ateol | Atinol | Atomin | Blokium | Cinyala | Denolmin | Mirobect | Noten | Pensin | Profit | Sedamin | Selinin | Stermin | Suarolol | Swinorin | Tandate | Tenminlar | Tenol | Tenolin | Tenolmin | Tenolol | Tenomilol | Tenormin | Tiatenol | Unormin | Urosin | Vasoral | Wesipin;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Atenosan | Atenova | Hypoten | Sinarom | Tenolol | Tenormin;
  • (UG) Uganda: Atenolol denk | Aterise | Atonl | Cardinol | Catenol | Codanol | Hyperlok | Tena | Tensimin | Velorin;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Atenolan | Atenolol Donier | Atenolsur | Grifotenol | Miocardox | Preventil | Tenormin;
  • (VE) Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of: Artenolol | Atenoval | Beloc | Blokium | Ritmilan | Telol | Tenormin | Tonidol;
  • (VN) Viet Nam: Ipcatenolol | Stadnolol;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Adco-Atenolol | Apo atenolol | Atenoblok | B block | B-vasc | Bio Atenolol | Hexa-blok | Ivax-atenolol | Ten-bloka | Tenopress | Tenormin | Zetenol;
  • (ZM) Zambia: Ateleb | Atenolol denk | Atormin | Betacard | Betafil | Bp norm | Corin | Hipres | Intalol | Novaten | Tenolol | Tenomac | Tenormin | Ternolol;
  • (ZW) Zimbabwe: Hipres
  1. Ábarzúa-Araya A, Navarrete-Dechent CP, Heusser F, Retamal J, Zegpi-Trueba MS. Atenolol versus propranolol for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas: a randomized controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(6):1045-1049. [PubMed 24656727]
  2. Agarwal R, Sinha AD, Pappas MK, Abraham TN, Tegegne GG. Hypertension in hemodialysis patients treated with atenolol or lisinopril: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29(3):672-681. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft515 [PubMed 24398888]
  3. Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS; Board of Directors of the American Headache Society. The American Headache Society consensus statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2021;61(7):1021-1039. doi:10.1111/head.14153 [PubMed 34160823]
  4. Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. Published online October 30, 2017. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549 [PubMed 29084731]
  5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):S1-S44.
  6. American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American Society of Echocardiography; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; Heart Rhythm Society; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society for Vascular Medicine; Society for Vascular Surgery, Fleischmann KE, Beckman JA, Buller CE, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(24):2306]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(22):2102-2128. [PubMed 19926021]
  7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203: Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e26-e50. [PubMed 30575676]
  8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Headaches in pregnancy and postpartum: ACOG clinical practice guideline No. 3. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;139(5):944-972. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004766 [PubMed 35576364]
  9. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-e228. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017 [PubMed 25260718]
  10. Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42-52. [PubMed 27060684]
  11. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children. 5th ed. American College of Physicians; 2007.
  12. Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, et al; ACCF Task Force. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2434-2506. [PubMed 21518977]
  13. ASHP. Standardize 4 Safety Initiative Compounded Oral Liquid Version 1.01. July 2017. https://www.ashp.org/-/media/assets/pharmacy-practice/s4s/docs/s4s-ashp-oral-compound-liquids.ashx?la=en&hash=4C2E4F370B665C028981B61F6210335AD5D0D1D6.
  14. Bailuni Neto JJ, Siqueira BL, Machado FC, et al. BRASH Syndrome: a case report. Am J Case Rep. 2022;23:e934600. doi:10.12659/AJCR.934600 [PubMed 35058422]
  15. Beardmore KS, Morris JM, Gallery ED. Excretion of antihypertensive medication into human breast milk: a systematic review. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2002;21(1):85-95. [PubMed 12044345]
  16. Becker DE, Reed KL. Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesth Prog. 2006;53(3):98-108. [PubMed 17175824]
  17. Bhamra RK, Thorley KJ, Vale JA, Holt DW. High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of atenolol: methodology and clinical applications. Ther Drug Monit. 1983;5(3):313-318. [PubMed 6636259]
  18. Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Curtin F, et al. Association Between Beta-Blockers, Other Antihypertensive Drugs and Psoriasis: Population-Based Case-Control Study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(6):1299-1307. [PubMed 18410416]
  19. Buck ML, Wiest D, Gillette PC, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Atenolol in Children. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989;46(6):629-633.
  20. Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, et al. Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(3):633-641. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004 [PubMed 29746858]
  21. Calderón-Castrat X, Velásquez F, Castro R, Ballona R. Oral atenolol for infantile hemangioma: case series of 46 infants. Atenolol oral en el manejo del hemangioma infantil: serie de casos de 46 pacientes. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed). 2020;111(1):59-62. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2019.03.015 [PubMed 31759456]
  22. Campese VM, Feinstein EI, Gura V, Mason WD, Massry SG. Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients treated with chronic hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;25(5):393-395. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02864.x [PubMed 4031118]
  23. Chang CH, Yang YH, Lin SJ, Su JJ, Cheng CL, Lin LJ. Risk of insomnia attributable to β-blockers in elderly patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2013;28(1):53-58. doi:10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-004 [PubMed 22813717]
  24. Chockalingam P, Crotti L, Girardengo G, et al. Not all beta-blockers are equal in the management of long QT syndrome types 1 and 2: higher recurrence of events under metoprolol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(20):2092-2099. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.046 [PubMed 23083782]
  25. Cífková R, Johnson MR, Kahan T, et al. Peripartum management of hypertension: a position paper of the ESC Council on Hypertension and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6(6):384-393. doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz082 [PubMed 31841131]
  26. Cocco G. Erectile dysfunction after therapy with metoprolol: the Hawthorne effect. Cardiology. 2009;112(3):174-177. doi:10.1159/000147951 [PubMed 18654082]
  27. Cove-Smith JR, Kirk CA. CNS-related side-effects with metoprolol and atenolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;(28)(suppl):69-72. doi:10.1007/BF00543713 [PubMed 4054193]
  28. Croft CH, Rude RE, Gustafson N, et al. Abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockade therapy in patients with myocardial infarction: effects on infarct size, left ventricular function, and hospital course. Circulation. 1986;73(6):1281-1290. doi:10.1161/01.cir.73.6.1281 [PubMed 3009050]
  29. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995-1003. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3 [PubMed 11937178]
  30. Dahlöf C, Dimenäs E. Side effects of beta-blocker treatments as related to the central nervous system. Am J Med Sci. 1990;299(4):236-244. doi:10.1097/00000441-199004000-00004 [PubMed 1969714]
  31. Dalal AS, Van Hare GF. Disturbances of rate and rhythm of the heart. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme J, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Elsevier; 2020:chap. 462.
  32. de Graaf M, Raphael MF, Breugem CC, et al. Treatment of infantile haemangiomas with atenolol: comparison with a historical propranolol group. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(12):1732-1740. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2013.07.035 [PubMed 24011909]
  33. Deacon SP, Barnett D. Comparison of atenolol and propranolol during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Br Med J. 1976;2(6030):272-273. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6030.272 [PubMed 8184]
  34. Dungan K, Merrill J, Long C, Binkley P. Effect of beta blocker use and type on hypoglycemia risk among hospitalized insulin requiring patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):163. doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0967-1 [PubMed 31775749]
  35. Egstrup K. Transient myocardial ischemia after abrupt withdrawal of antianginal therapy in chronic stable angina. Am J Cardiol. 1988;61(15):1219-1222. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)91158-7 [PubMed 2897781]
  36. Edvardsson B. Atenolol in the prophylaxis of chronic migraine: a 3-month open-label study. Springerplus. 2013;2:479. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-479 [PubMed 24083117]
  37. Eyal S, Kim JD, Anderson GD, et al. Atenolol pharmacokinetics and excretion in breast milk during the first 6 to 8 months postpartum. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50(11):1301-1309.
  38. Farmakis IT, Pyrgidis N, Doundoulakis I, Mykoniatis I, Akrivos E, Giannakoulas G. Effects of major antihypertensive drug classes on erectile function: a network meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2022;36(5):903-914. doi:10.1007/s10557-021-07197-9 [PubMed 33945044]
  39. Field JM, Hazinski MF, Sayre MR, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(18)(suppl 3):640-656. [PubMed 20956217]
  40. Flouvat B, Decourt S, Aubert P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in patients with terminal renal failure and influence of haemodialysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;9(4):379-385. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01065.x [PubMed 7378254]
  41. Fogari R, Preti P, Derosa G, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;58(3):177-180. doi:10.1007/s00228-002-0456-3 [PubMed 12107602]
  42. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(3):190-199. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.048 [PubMed 18617067]
  43. Fonseca VA. Effects of beta-blockers on glucose and lipid metabolism. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(3):615-629. doi:10.1185/03007990903533681 [PubMed 20067434]
  44. Foster CA, Aston SJ .Propranolol-Epinephrine Interaction: A Potential Disaster. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72(1):74-78. [PubMed 6867180]
  45. Frishman WH. Beta-adrenergic blocker withdrawal. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(13):26F-32F. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90038-5 [PubMed 2883874]
  46. Frishman WH. Circulatory and metabolic aspects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Am Heart J. 1988;116(5, pt 2):1393-1400. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(88)90129-9 [PubMed 2903649]
  47. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(5):1889-1916. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-4061 [PubMed 26934393]
  48. Gandy W. Severe epinephrine-propranolol interaction. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:98-99. [PubMed 2910169]
  49. Geffner DL, Hershman JM. beta-Adrenergic Blockade for the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism. Am J Med. 1992;93(1):61-68. [PubMed 1352658]
  50. Gleiter CH, Deckert J. Adverse CNS-effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29(6):201-211. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979572 [PubMed 8956349]
  51. Go AS, Bauman M, King SM, et al. An effective approach to high blood pressure control: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hypertension. Published online November 15, 2013. [PubMed 24243703]
  52. Gold MH, Holy AK, Roenigk HH Jr. Beta-Blocking Drugs and Psoriasis. A Review of Cutaneous Side Effects and Retrospective Analysis of Their Effects on Psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988;19(5, pt 1):837-841. [PubMed 2903871]
  53. Goldenberg I, Bradley J, Moss A, et al; International LQTS Registry Investigators. Beta-blocker efficacy in high-risk patients with the congenital long-QT syndrome types 1 and 2: implications for patient management. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(8):893-901. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01737.x [PubMed 20233272]
  54. Golightly LK, Teitelbaum I, Kiser TH, et al, eds. Renal Pharmacotherapy: Dosage Adjustment of Medications Eliminated by the Kidneys. Springer Science; 2013.
  55. Gouet D, Marechaud R, Aucouturier P, Touchard G, Sudre Y, Preud'homme JL. Atenolol induced systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1986;13(2):446-447. [PubMed 3723506]
  56. Ha H, Gonzalez A. Migraine headache prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24. [PubMed 30600979]
  57. Haas DA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions associated with analgesics, part III in a series. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130(3):397-407. [PubMed 10085663]
  58. Hebert MF, Carr DB, Anderson GD, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Atenolol During Pregnancy and Postpartum. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(1):25-33. [PubMed 15601802]
  59. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic): Executive Summary. A Collaborative Report of the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease). Circulation. 2006;113(11):1474-1547. [PubMed 16549646]
  60. Holt DW, Bhamra R, Thorley KJ, et al. High performance liquid chromatographic measurement of atenolol: placental transfer and expression in milk. Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society: University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. 31st March, 1st-2nd April, 1982. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;14(1):148P.
  61. Huang KY, Tseng PT, Wu YC, et al. Do beta-adrenergic blocking agents increase asthma exacerbation? A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):452. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79837-3 [PubMed 33432057]
  62. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet. 1986;2(8498):57-66. [PubMed 2873379]
  63. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146(24):e334-e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106 [PubMed 36322642]
  64. Ito S. Drug therapy for breast-feeding women. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):118-126. [PubMed 10891521]
  65. Jaillon P. Relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity for beta blockers. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(9):21C-23C. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90758-s [PubMed 1977302]
  66. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520. [PubMed 24352797]
  67. Ji Y, Wang Q, Chen S, et al. Oral atenolol therapy for proliferating infantile hemangioma: a prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(24):e3908. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003908 [PubMed 27310994]
  68. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(1):e1-e156. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193 [PubMed 38033089]
  69. Kirch W, Köhler H, Mutschler E, Schäfer M. Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;19(1):65-71. doi:10.1007/BF00558387 [PubMed 7461026]
  70. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme Ill JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
  71. Kleinbaum J, Shamoon H. Effect of propranolol on delayed glucose recovery after insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(2):155-162. doi:10.2337/diacare.7.2.155 [PubMed 6376011]
  72. Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA. 2002;288(3):351-357. doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.351 [PubMed 12117400]
  73. Koella WP. CNS-related (side-)effects of beta-blockers with special reference to mechanisms of action. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;(28)(suppl):55-63. doi:10.1007/BF00543711 [PubMed 2865151]
  74. Kostis JB, Rosen RC. Central nervous system effects of beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs: the role of ancillary properties. Circulation. 1987;75(1):204-212. doi:10.1161/01.cir.75.1.204 [PubMed 2878741]
  75. Kraus ML, Gottlieb LD, Horwitz RI, et al. Randomized Clinical Trial of Atenolol in Patients With Alcohol Withdrawal. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(15):905-909. [PubMed 2863754]
  76. Krittayaphong R, Bhuripanyo K, Punlee K, Kangkagate C, Chaithiraphan S. Effect of atenolol on symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Am Heart J. 2002;144(6):e10. doi:10.1067/mhj.2002.125516 [PubMed 12486439]
  77. Lacro RV, Dietz HC, Sleeper LA, et al. Atenolol versus losartan in children and young adults with Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(22):2061-2071. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404731 [PubMed 25405392]
  78. Lacro RV, Dietz HC, Wruck LM, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial of beta-blocker therapy (atenolol) versus angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy (losartan) in individuals with Marfan syndrome. Am Heart J. 2007;154(4):624-631. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.06.024 [PubMed 17892982]
  79. Lager I, Blohmé G, Smith U. Effect of cardioselective and non-selective beta-blockade on the hypoglycaemic response in insulin-dependent diabetics. Lancet. 1979;1(8114):458-462. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90821-3 [PubMed 85053]
  80. Lang DM. Anaphylactoid and Anaphylactic Reactions. Hazards of Beta-Blockers. Drug Saf. 1995;12(5):299-304. [PubMed 7669259]
  81. Lang DM. Do beta-blockers really enhance the risk of anaphylaxis during immunotherapy? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8(1):37-44. doi:10.1007/s11882-008-0008-8 [PubMed 18377773]
  82. Lauridsen UB, Christensen NJ, Lyngsøe J. Effects of nonselective and beta-1-selective blockade on glucose metabolism and hormone responses during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(5):876-882. doi:10.1210/jcem-56-5-876 [PubMed 6339540]
  83. Lawrence DS, Sahay JN, Chatterjee SS, Cruickshank JM. Asthma and beta-blockers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;22(6):501-509. doi:10.1007/BF00609622 [PubMed 6127219]
  84. Lederballe Pedersen O, Mikkelsen E, Lanng Nielsen J, Christensen NJ. Abrupt withdrawal of beta-blocking agents in patients with arterial hypertension. Effect on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines and prolactin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;15(3):215-217. doi:10.1007/BF00563108 [PubMed 37093]
  85. Levine GN, Steinke EE, Bakaeen FG, et al; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(8):1058-1072. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182447787 [PubMed 22267844]
  86. Lichter I, Richardson PJ, Wyke MA. Differential effects of atenolol and enalapril on memory during treatment for essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21(6):641-645. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05228.x [PubMed 3017391]
  87. Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K, et al. Perioperative Beta-Blocker Therapy and Mortality After Major Noncardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):349-361. [PubMed 16049209]
  88. Lipworth B, Wedzicha J, Devereux G, Vestbo J, Dransfield MT. Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(3):880-888. doi:10.1183/13993003.01847-2015 [PubMed 27390282]
  89. Liu X, Lou X, Cheng X, Meng Y. Impact of metoprolol treatment on mental status of chronic heart failure patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:305-312. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S124497 [PubMed 28182127]
  90. López-Sendón J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, et al. Expert consensus document on beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(15):1341-1362. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.002 [PubMed 15288162]
  91. Lu HT, Kam J, Nordin RB, et al. Beta-blocker use and risk of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias: a hospital-based case-control study. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016;13(9):749-759. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.09.009 [PubMed 27899939]
  92. Lwin EMP, Gerber C, Leggett C, et al. Estimation of atenolol transfer into milk and infant exposure during its use in lactating women. J Hum Lact. 2018;34(3):592-599. [PubMed 29870669]
  93. Mann JFE, Flack JM. Hypertension in adults: Initial drug therapy. Connor RF, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed March 7, 2023.
  94. Manolis AS. Premature ventricular complexes: treatment and prognosis. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed July 31, 2020.
  95. Marcus GM, Glidden DV, Polonsky B, et al; Multidisciplinary Study of Right Ventricular Dysplasia Investigators. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a report from the North American ARVC Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(7):609-615. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.052 [PubMed 19660690]
  96. Marshall AJ, Roberts CJ, Barritt DW. Raynaud's phenomenon as side effect of beta-blockers in hypertension. Br Med J. 1976;1(6024):1498-1499. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6024.1498 [PubMed 6109]
  97. Mayer S, Hillis LD. Prinzmetal's variant angina. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21(4):243-246. [PubMed 9562933]
  98. McAinsh J, Cruickshank JM. Beta-blockers and central nervous system side effects. Pharmacol Ther. 1990;46(2):163-197. doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90092-g [PubMed 1969642]
  99. McAinsh J, Holmes BF, Smith S, Hood D, Warren D. Atenolol kinetics in renal failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980;28(3):302-309. doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.166 [PubMed 7408390]
  100. Mehta AV, Subrahmanyam AB, Anand R. Long-term efficacy and safety of atenolol for supraventricular tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol. 1996;17(4):231-236. [PubMed 8662045]
  101. Mills GA, Horn JR. Beta-blockers and glucose control. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985;19(4):246-251. doi:10.1177/106002808501900401 [PubMed 2861072]
  102. Mito RS, Yagiela JA. Hypertensive response to levonordefrin in a patient receiving propranolol: report of a case. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988;116(1):55-57. [PubMed 3278028]
  103. Morales DR, Jackson C, Lipworth BJ, Donnan PT, Guthrie B. Adverse respiratory effect of acute β-blocker exposure in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2014;145(4):779-786. doi:10.1378/chest.13-1235 [PubMed 24202435]
  104. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000;101(6):616-623. [PubMed 10673253]
  105. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents. Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2011. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cvd_ped/peds_guidelines_full.pdf
  106. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 suppl 4th report):555-576. [PubMed 15286277]
  107. Nicolai MP, Liem SS, Both S, et al. A review of the positive and negative effects of cardiovascular drugs on sexual function: a proposed table for use in clinical practice. Neth Heart J. 2014;22(1):11-19. doi:10.1007/s12471-013-0482-z [PubMed 24155101]
  108. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al, 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(23):2440-92. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000029 [PubMed 24589852]
  109. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127(4):e362-e425. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6 [PubMed 23247304]
  110. Oeffl N, Schober L, Faudon P, et al. Antiarrhythmic drug dosing in children-review of the literature. Children (Basel). 2023;10(5):847. doi:10.3390/children10050847 [PubMed 37238395]
  111. Oo KT, Yee HW. A case of reversible atrioventricular block potentially associated with atenolol-induced hyperkalemia. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13151. doi:10.7759/cureus.13151 [PubMed 33692921]
  112. Osmonov D, Erdinler I, Ozcan KS, et al. Management of patients with drug-induced atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(7):804-810. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03410.x [PubMed 22530749]
  113. Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al; Evidence Review Committee Chair. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2016;133(14):e506-7e54. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311 [PubMed 26399663]
  114. Popp DA, Tse TF, Shah SD, Clutter WE, Cryer PE. Oral propranolol and metoprolol both impair glucose recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(3):243-247. doi:10.2337/diacare.7.3.243 [PubMed 6376017]
  115. Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al; Canadian Headache Society Prophylactic Guidelines Development Group. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(2 suppl 2):S1-S59. [PubMed 22683887]
  116. Proclemer A, Gradnik R, Savonitto S, Feruglio GA. Electrophysiological effects of bisoprolol. Eur Heart J. 1987;8(suppl M):81-85. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/8.suppl_m.81 [PubMed 2897302]
  117. Prystowsky EN. The effects of slow channel blockers and beta blockers on atrioventricular nodal conduction. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;28(1):6-21. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1988.tb03095.x [PubMed 2450898]
  118. Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, LoGerfo JP, Inui TS. The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of beta-blockers. JAMA. 1990;263(12):1653-1657. [PubMed 1968518]
  119. Radack K, Deck C. Beta-Adrenergic Blocker Therapy Does Not Worsen Intermittent Claudication in Subjects With Peripheral Arterial Disease. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(9):1769-1776. [PubMed 1679624]
  120. Rangno RE, Langlois S. Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol and pindolol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;13(Suppl 2):345S-351S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01939.x [PubMed 6125187]
  121. Reed CM, Fox ME, Alpert BS. Aortic biomechanical properties in pediatric patients with the Marfan syndrome, and the effects of atenolol. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71(7):606-608. [PubMed 8438752]
  122. Refer to manufacturer's labeling.
  123. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(34):3165-3241. [PubMed 30165544]
  124. Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, et al; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; and American Society of Hypertension. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9(6):453-498. [PubMed 25840695]
  125. Rosenson RS, Reeder GS, Kennedy HL. Acute myocardial infarction: role of beta blocker therapy. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed July 30, 2020.
  126. Ross DS. Beta blockers in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed June 22, 2022.
  127. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421. doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 [PubMed 27521067]
  128. Rubin PC, Butters L, Reynolds B, Evans J, Sumner D, Low RA, Reid JL. Atenolol elimination in the neonate. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;16(6):659-662. [PubMed 6661350]
  129. Salahudeen AK, Wilkinson R, McAinsh J, Bateman DN. Atenolol pharmacokinetics in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;18(3):457-460. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02490.x [PubMed 6487486]
  130. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002992. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002992 [PubMed 12519582]
  131. Sauer AJ, Moss AJ, McNitt S, et al. Long QT syndrome in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(3):329-337. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.057 [PubMed 17239714]
  132. Scheer FA, Morris CJ, Garcia JI, et al. Repeated melatonin supplementation improves sleep in hypertensive patients treated with beta-blockers: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2012;35(10):1395-1402. doi:10.5665/sleep.2122 [PubMed 23024438]
  133. Schön MP, Boehncke WH. Psoriasis. N Eng J Med. 2005;352(18):1899-1912. [PubMed 15872205]
  134. Schwedt TJ, Garza I. Preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed June 21, 2022.
  135. Sebaratnam DF, Rodríguez Bandera AL, Wong LF, Wargon O. Infantile hemangioma. Part 2: management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(6):1395-1404. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.08.020 [PubMed 34419523]
  136. Semet M, Paci M, Saïas-Magnan J, et al. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology. 2017;5(4):640-663. doi:10.1111/andr.12366 [PubMed 28622464]
  137. Silberstein SD. Preventive migraine treatment. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(4)(Headache):973-989. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000199 [PubMed 26252585]
  138. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1337-1345. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20 [PubMed 22529202]
  139. Silvestri A, Galetta P, Cerquetani E, et al. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(21):1928-1932. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.08.016 [PubMed 14585251]
  140. Simons M, Breall JA. Overview of the non-acute management of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed November 13, 2020.
  141. Skanes AC, Healey JS, Cairns JA, et al. Focused 2012 Update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines: Recommendations for Stroke Prevention and Rate/Rhythm Control. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(2):125-136. [PubMed 22433576]
  142. Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 Update: A Guideline From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458-2473. [PubMed 22052934]
  143. Steiner TJ, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, et al. Aids to management of headache disorders in primary care (2nd edition): on behalf of the European Headache Federation and Lifting the Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):57. doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0899-2 [PubMed 31113373]
  144. Tenormin (atenolol) [prescribing information]. Norwich, NJ: Norwich Pharmaceuticals Inc; December 2023.
  145. Tenormin (atenolol) [product monograph]. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Searchlight Pharma Inc; May 2023.
  146. Terentes-Printzios D, Ioakeimidis N, Rokkas K, Vlachopoulos C. Interactions between erectile dysfunction, cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular drugs. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(1):59-74. doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00593-6 [PubMed 34331033]
  147. Tieu A, Velenosi TJ, Kucey AS, Weir MA, Urquhart BL. β-blocker dialyzability in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(4):604-611. doi:10.2215/CJN.07470717 [PubMed 29519953]
  148. Toogood JH. Beta-blocker therapy and the risk of anaphylaxis. CMAJ. 1987;136(9):929-933. [PubMed 2882832]
  149. Trippel DL, Gillette PC.Atenolol in Children With Supraventricular Tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(3):233-236. [PubMed 2741832]
  150. Tsujimoto T, Sugiyama T, Shapiro MF, Noda M, Kajio H. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus on β-blockers. Hypertension. 2017;70(1):103-110. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09259 [PubMed 28559400]
  151. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of Atenolol and Captopril in Reducing Risk of Macrovascular and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):713-720. [PubMed 9732338]
  152. Viadero JJ, Wong SH, White WB. Acute psychotic behavior associated with atenolol. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(10):1382. doi:10.1176/ajp.140.10.1382b [PubMed 6624977]
  153. Viigimaa M, Vlachopoulos C, Doumas M, et al; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Sexual Dysfunction. Update of the position paper on arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction. J Hypertens. 2020;38(7):1220-1234. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002382 [PubMed 32073535]
  154. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148(9):e9-e119. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168 [PubMed 37471501]
  155. Vue MH, Setter SM. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 1: drug-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectrum. 2011. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.24.3.171. [PubMed Vue.1]
  156. Wakefield PE, Berger TG, James WD. Atenolol-induced pustular psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1990;126(7):968-969. doi:10.1001/archderm.126.7.968 [PubMed 2141782]
  157. Walden RJ, Tomlinson B, Graham B, Liu JB, Prichard BN. Withdrawal phenomena after atenolol and bopindolol: haemodynamic responses in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30(4):557-565. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03813.x [PubMed 1981318]
  158. Walker PR, Marshall AJ, Farr S, Bauminger B, Walters G, Barritt DW. Abrupt withdrawal of atenolol in patients with severe angina. Comparison with the effects of treatment. Br Heart J. 1985;53(3):276-282. doi:10.1136/hrt.53.3.276 [PubMed 3970785]
  159. Wallace A, Layug B, Tateo I, et al. Prophylactic atenolol reduces postoperative myocardial ischemia. McSPI Research Group. Anesthesiology. 1998;88(1):7-17. [PubMed 9447850]
  160. Wann SL, Curtis AB, January CT, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123(1):104-123. [PubMed 21173346]
  161. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al, Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(1):14-26. [PubMed 24341872]
  162. Webster J, Hawksworth GM, Barber HE, Jeffers TA, Petrie JC. Withdrawal of long-term therapy with atenolol in hypertensive patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;12(2):211-214. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01202.x [PubMed 7306435]
  163. Westerlund A. Central nervous system side-effects with hydrophilic and lipophilic beta-blockers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;(28)(suppl):73-76. doi:10.1007/BF00543714 [PubMed 2865153]
  164. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1269-1324. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066 [PubMed 29133354]
  165. Wong DG, Spence JD, Lamki L, et al. Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Control of Hypertension of Beta-Blockers and Diuretics. Lancet. 1986;1(8488):997-1001. [PubMed 2871333]
  166. Wright MJ, Connolly HM. Management of Marfan syndrome and related syndromes. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed September 4, 2020.
  167. Wynn RL. Epinephrine Interactions With Beta-Blockers. Gen Dent. 1994;42(1):16, 18. [PubMed 7911769]
  168. Yilmaz MB, Turhan H, Akin Y, Kisacik HL, Korkmaz S. Beta-blocker-induced psoriasis: a rare side effect--a case report. Angiology. 2002;53(6):737-739. doi:10.1177/000331970205300617 [PubMed 12463630]
  169. Zacharias FJ. Atenolol compared with other beta-blocking agents. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1977. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00359157770700S511. [PubMed Zacharias.1]
  170. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, et al. Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(1):105-108. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.057 [PubMed 15234417]
Topic 12848 Version 620.0