Otitis media, acute: Infants ≥6 months, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 10 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours for 10 days; maximum daily dose: 400 mg/day
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), treatment: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 15 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 21 days; in combination with dapsone; data in children is limited; preferred therapy is sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim combined product (Ref)
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Children and Adolescents:
CrCl 15 to 30 mL/minute: Administer 50% of recommended dose.
CrCl <15 mL/minute: Use is not recommended.
Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%)
There are no dosage adjustments are provided in the manufacturer's labeling.
(For additional information see "Trimethoprim: Drug information")
Pneumocystis pneumonia, treatment (mild to moderate infection) (alternative agent) (off-label use): Oral: 5 mg/kg every 8 hours in combination with dapsone for 21 days (Ref).
Urinary tract infection:
Cystitis, acute uncomplicated or acute simple cystitis (infection limited to the bladder without signs/symptoms of upper tract, prostate, or systemic infection), treatment: Oral: 100 mg every 12 hours for 3 days (Ref).
Cystitis, prophylaxis for recurrent infection (alternative agent): Note: May be considered in nonpregnant women with bothersome, frequently recurrent cystitis despite nonantimicrobial preventive measures. The optimal duration has not been established; duration ranges from 3 to 12 months, with periodic reassessment (Ref).
Continuous prophylaxis: Oral: 100 mg once daily (Ref).
Postcoital prophylaxis (females with cystitis temporally related to sexual intercourse): Oral: 100 mg as a single dose immediately before or after sexual intercourse (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Manufacturer's labeling:
CrCl >30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustments necessary; use with caution.
CrCl 15 to 30 mL/minute: Administer 50% of recommended dose.
CrCl <15 mL/minute: Use is not recommended.
Alternate recommendations:
Aronoff 2007: Note: The following dosage adjustments are based on a usual maintenance dose of 100 mg every 12 hours.
CrCl >30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
CrCl 10 to 30 mL/minute: 100 mg every 18 hours.
CrCl <10 mL/minute: 100 mg every 24 hours.
Intermittent Hemodialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 59%). Dose after dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis: 100 mg every 24 hours.
HHS (OI adult 2020): Pneumocystis pneumonia, treatment: Note: The following dosage adjustments are based on a usual maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg every 8 hours. Renal function may be estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula for dosage adjustment purposes.
CrCl >30 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
CrCl 10 to 30 mL/minute: 5 mg/kg every 12 hours.
CrCl <10 mL/minute: 5 mg/kg every 24 hours.
Intermittent Hemodialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 59%). 5 mg/kg every 24 hours; dose after dialysis on dialysis day.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer’s labeling; use with caution.
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Adverse reactions reported in infants, children, adolescents, and adults.
1% to 10%:
Dermatologic: Skin rash (1% to 7%; including maculopapular rash, morbilliform rash, pruritic rash)
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (4%), vomiting (2%)
<1%: Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain
Frequency not defined:
Dermatologic: Phototoxicity, pruritus
Endocrine & metabolic: Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia
Gastrointestinal: Epigastric discomfort, glossitis, nausea
Hematologic & oncologic: Eosinophilia, leukopenia, lymphocytosis, megaloblastic anemia, methemoglobinemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes, increased serum bilirubin
Renal: Increased blood urea nitrogen, increased serum creatinine
Miscellaneous: Fever
Postmarketing:
Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (Sood 2021), vasculitis of the skin (Holt 1992)
Gastrointestinal: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice (Singh 1991)
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis (Nordstrand 2004), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Subhani 2020), severe hypersensitivity reaction
Nervous system: Aseptic meningitis (Mathanasenarajah 2017)
Hypersensitivity to trimethoprim or any component of the formulation; megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Hematologic effects: May rarely interfere with hematopoiesis, especially with large doses or long term therapy; monitor patients on long term therapy for signs/symptoms of hematologic disorders.
• Hyperkalemia: May cause hyperkalemia; potential risk factors include high dosage (20 mg/kg/day), renal impairment, older age, hypoaldosteronism, and concomitant use of medications causing or exacerbating hyperkalemia (Perazella 2000).
• Hypersensitivity: Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported (rarely).
• Superinfection: Prolonged use may result in fungal or bacterial superinfection, including C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) and pseudomembranous colitis; CDAD has been observed >2 months postantibiotic treatment.
Disease-related concerns:
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
Special populations:
• Older adult: Elderly patients may be at risk for hyperkalemia with trimethoprim use and are at an increased risk for severe and potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia when trimethoprim is used concomitantly with medications known to cause or exacerbate hyperkalemia, such as spironolactone, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs (Antoniou 2010; Antoniou 2011; Antoniou 2015).
• Patients with potential for folate deficiency: Use with caution in patients with potential folate deficiency (malnourished, chronic antiseizure therapy, or elderly).
Dosage form specific issues:
• Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain sodium benzoate/benzoic acid; benzoic acid (benzoate) is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol (≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity (“gasping syndrome”) in neonates; the “gasping syndrome” consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP ["Inactive" 1997]; CDC 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol derivative with caution in neonates. See manufacturer’s labeling.
• Propylene glycol: Some dosage forms may contain propylene glycol; large amounts are potentially toxic and have been associated hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, seizures, and respiratory depression; use caution (AAP ["Inactive" 1997]; Zar 2007).
Other warnings/precautions:
• Appropriate use: Otitis media: Not indicated for prophylactic or prolonged administration in otitis media at any age.
Due to resistance, should not be used for treatment of acute otitis media caused by Moraxella catarrhalis. Trimethoprim is not indicated for prolonged administration or prophylaxis of otitis media in any age.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Solution, Oral [strength expressed as base]:
Primsol: 50 mg/5 mL (473 mL [DSC]) [alcohol free, dye free; contains methylparaben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate; bubble-gum flavor]
Tablet, Oral:
Generic: 100 mg
May be product dependent
Tablets (Trimethoprim Oral)
100 mg (per each): $2.33
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral:
Generic: 100 mg, 200 mg
Note: Commercial oral solution is available (10 mg/mL [dye free, ethanol free; contains propylene glycol, sodium benzoate; bubblegum flavor])
A 10 mg/mL oral suspension may be made with tablets. Crush ten 100 mg tablets in a mortar and reduce to a fine powder. Add 20 mL of a 1:1 mixture of Simple Syrup, NF, and Methylcellulose 1% and mix to a uniform paste; mix while adding the vehicle in incremental proportions to almost 100 mL; transfer to a calibrated bottle, rinse mortar with vehicle, and add quantity of vehicle sufficient to make 100 mL. Label "shake well" and "refrigerate". Stable for 91 days.
Oral: Administer on an empty stomach; may administer with milk or food if GI upset occurs
Oral: Administer without regard to food; may administer with milk or food if GI upset occurs.
Solution: Store between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Protect from light.
Tablets: Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Protect from light.
Treatment of otitis media caused by susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae (oral solution: FDA approved in pediatric patients ≥6 months); treatment of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (including S. saprophyticus) (FDA approved in adults). Has also been used in combination with other agents for treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
Substrate of CYP2C9 (minor), CYP3A4 (minor); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits CYP2C8 (weak), OCT1, OCT2
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Amantadine: Trimethoprim may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Amantadine. Specifically, the risk of myoclonus or delirium may be increased. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Amantadine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amodiaquine: Trimethoprim may enhance the neutropenic effect of Amodiaquine. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Amodiaquine. Management: Avoid coadministration of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and amodiaquine in HIV-infected patients when possible due to the possible increased risk for neutropenia. If coadministration is required, monitor closely for neutropenia. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: Trimethoprim may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Trimethoprim may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy
AzaTHIOprine: Trimethoprim may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of AzaTHIOprine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bacillus clausii: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Bacillus clausii. Management: Bacillus clausii should be taken in between antibiotic doses during concomitant therapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
BCG (Intravesical): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG (Intravesical). Risk X: Avoid combination
BCG Vaccine (Immunization): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG Vaccine (Immunization). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cholera Vaccine: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Cholera Vaccine. Management: Avoid cholera vaccine in patients receiving systemic antibiotics, and within 14 days following the use of oral or parenteral antibiotics. Risk X: Avoid combination
Clofarabine: OCT2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Clofarabine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dalfampridine: OCT2 Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Dalfampridine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Carefully weigh the risk of seizures against the benefit of combining OCT2 inhibitors with dalfampridine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Daprodustat: CYP2C8 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Daprodustat. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dapsone (Systemic): Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Dapsone (Systemic). Dapsone (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of Trimethoprim. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Digoxin: Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Digoxin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dofetilide: Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Dofetilide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Eplerenone: Trimethoprim may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Eplerenone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Oral): May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antibiotics. Risk X: Avoid combination
Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Rectal): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Rectal). Risk X: Avoid combination
Fosphenytoin: May decrease the serum concentration of Trimethoprim. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Fosphenytoin. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible, to avoid potential decreased trimethoprim efficacy and increased phenytoin concentrations/effects. Monitor patients receiving this combination closely for both of these possible effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lactobacillus and Estriol: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus and Estriol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
LamiVUDine: Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of LamiVUDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Leucovorin Calcium-Levoleucovorin: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Trimethoprim. Management: Avoid concurrent use of leucovorin or levoleucovorin with trimethoprim (plus sulfamethoxazole) for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. If trimethoprim is used for another indication, monitor closely for reduced efficacy. Risk X: Avoid combination
Memantine: Trimethoprim may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Memantine. Specifically, the risk of myoclonus and/or delirium may be increased. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Memantine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mercaptopurine: Trimethoprim may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Mercaptopurine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
MetFORMIN: MATE1/2-K Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methotrexate: Trimethoprim may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methotrexate. Management: Consider avoiding concomitant use of methotrexate and either sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim. If used concomitantly, monitor for the development of signs and symptoms of methotrexate toxicity (e.g., bone marrow suppression). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Phenytoin: Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Phenytoin. Phenytoin may decrease the serum concentration of Trimethoprim. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible, to avoid potential decreased trimethoprim efficacy and increased phenytoin concentrations/effects. Monitor patients receiving this combination closely for both of these possible effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
PRALAtrexate: Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of PRALAtrexate. More specifically, trimethoprim may decrease excretion of pralatrexate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Procainamide: Trimethoprim may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Procainamide. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Procainamide. Management: Consider alternatives to trimethoprim-containing regimens to avoid this interaction. If coadministered, monitor for increased procainamide adverse effects (increased QTc) if trimethoprim is initiated/dose increased. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Pyrimethamine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Trimethoprim. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Repaglinide: CYP2C8 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Repaglinide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
RifAMPin: May decrease the serum concentration of Trimethoprim. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of RifAMPin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sapropterin: Trimethoprim may decrease the serum concentration of Sapropterin. Specifically, trimethoprim may decrease tissue concentrations of tetrahydrobiopterin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sodium Picosulfate: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sodium Picosulfate. Management: Consider using an alternative product for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy in patients who have recently used or are concurrently using an antibiotic. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Spironolactone: Trimethoprim may enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Spironolactone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Typhoid Vaccine: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Only the live attenuated Ty21a strain is affected. Management: Avoid use of live attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) in patients being treated with systemic antibacterial agents. Postpone vaccination until 3 days after cessation of antibiotics and avoid starting antibiotics within 3 days of last vaccine dose. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Zidovudine: May enhance the neutropenic effect of Trimethoprim. Trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of Zidovudine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
May cause folic acid deficiency, supplements may be needed.
Trimethoprim crosses the placenta.
Trimethoprim may affect folic acid metabolism; adverse fetal events may be associated with maternal trimethoprim use immediately prior to or during pregnancy (Andersen 2013a; Andersen 2013b; Mølgaard-Nielsen 2012; Sun 2014).
Studies evaluating the effects of trimethoprim administration in pregnancy have also been conducted with Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (see sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim monograph for details).
CBC with differential, platelet count, liver enzyme tests, bilirubin, serum potassium, serum creatinine and BUN
Therapeutic:
Peak: 5-15 mg/L
Trough: 2-8 mg/L
Inhibits folic acid reduction to tetrahydrofolate by reversible inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting bacterial synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
Absorption: Oral: Readily and extensively absorbed
Distribution: Widely into body tissues and fluids (middle ear, prostate, bile, aqueous humor, CSF); mean peak middle ear fluid concentration in children 1 to 12 years of 2 mcg/mL after a single 4 mg/kg dose; Vd:
Newborns: 2.7 L/kg (range: 1.3 to 4.1 hours) (Springer 1982)
Infants: 1.5 L/kg (Hoppu 1989)
Children (Hoppu 1987):
1 to 3 years: 0.86 L/kg
8 to 10 years: 1 L/kg
Adults: ~1.3 L/kg (Hoppu 1987)
Protein binding: ~44%
Metabolism: Partially hepatic (10% to 20%) via demethylation, oxidation, and hydroxylation
Bioavailability: Similar for tablets and solution
Half-life elimination: Prolonged with renal impairment
Newborns: 19 hours; range: 11 to 27 hours (Springer 1982)
Infants 2 months to 1 year: 4.6 hours; range: 3 to 6 hours (Hoppu 1989)
Children (Hoppu 1987):
1 to 3 years: 3.7 hours
8 to 10 years: 5.4 hours
Adults, normal renal function: 8 to 10 hours
Time to peak, serum: 1 to 4 hours
Excretion: Primarily urine (50% to 60%; 80% as unchanged drug); feces
Altered kidney function: Half-life is prolonged.
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