Medications implicated in drug-associated bullous pemphigoid

Likely association*	Probable association^¶	Uncertain association^Δ
Alogliptin Anagliptin Aspirin Biostim D-penicillamine Enalapril Erlotinib Etanercept Everolimus Furosemide Ibuprofen Levofloxacin Linagliptin Nivolumab Pembrolizumab Phenacetin Psoralens with ultraviolet A Rifampicin Serratiopeptidase Sirolimus Sitagliptin Teneligliptin Tetanus toxoid Tiobutarit Vildagliptin	Actinomycin D Adalimumab Amoxicillin Ampicillin Arsenic Atezolizumab Bumetanide Celecoxib Cephalexin Chloroquine Ciprofloxacin Diclofenac Dorzolamide Durvalumab Efalizumab Fluoxetine Gabapentin Griseofulvin Hepatitis B vaccine Hexavalent combined vaccine Hydrochlorothiazide Infliximab Ipilimumab Lisinopril Losartan Mefenamic acid Metamizole Metronidazole Penicillin Rosuvastatin Spironolactone Sulfasalazine Terbinafine Ustekinumab	Aldesleukin (IL-2) Amantadine Amlodipine Anthralin (dithranol) Azapropazone Captopril Coal tar Complementary medicines COVID-19 mRNA vaccines Dabrafenib Doxepin Enoxaparin Escitalopram Fluorouracil Flupenthixol Galantamine hydrobromide Herpes zoster vaccine Influenza vaccine Iodide Levetiracetam Mesalazine Nadolol Nifedipine Novoscabin (benzyl benzoate) Omeprazole Placental extracts Photodynamic therapy Risperidone Rotavirus vaccine Sulfonamide Swine flu vaccine Timolol Valsartan
Text modifier and color indicates presence of functional groups:
Thiol (bold red text)
Phenol (italicized blue text)
Nonthiol nonphenol (plain black text)

IL: interleukin; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid.

* Recurrence or exacerbation with rechallenge supports association with medication or recognized by extensive body of evidence (eg, gliptins).

¶ Temporal relationship with initiation of medications in younger individuals or spontaneous resolution with the cessation of the offending medication.

Δ Temporal relationship with the initiation of medication in older individuals.

Reproduced and updated with permission from: Verheyden MJ, Bilgic A, Murrell DF. A Systematic Review of Drug-Induced Pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00224. Copyright © 2020 Acta Dermato-Venereologica. All rights reserved.

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Medications implicated in drug-associated bullous pemphigoid