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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
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Mechanisms of the clinical syndrome of heart failure

Mechanisms of the clinical syndrome of heart failure
Left ventricular dysfunction
LVEF ≤40%: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
  • Causes include ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy
LVEF 41 to 49%: Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF)
  • Causes include ischemic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy
LVEF ≥50%:
  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
  • Cardiomyopathies with preserved ejection fraction
    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (familial or nonfamilial causes)
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (familial or nonfamilial causes)
    • Noncompaction cardiomyopathy
Valvular heart disease
Valvular stenosis
Valvular regurgitation
Right ventricular dysfunction
Pulmonary hypertension
Right ventricular infarction
Cardiomyopathy affecting the right ventricle (including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
Pericardial disease
Cardiac tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
Effusive-constrictive pericardial disease
Obstructive lesion in heart or great vessel
Atrial myxoma
Pulmonary vein stenosis
High-output heart failure
LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
Graphic 130160 Version 3.0

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