Idiopathic |
Fetal structural anomaly that impedes swallowing - Primary gastrointestinal obstruction (eg, esophageal or duodenal atresia)
- Secondary gastrointestinal obstruction (eg, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cervical or thoracic mass)
- Craniofacial abnormality (eg, cleft lip/palate, facial tumor [eg, oropharyngeal teratoma], micrognathia)
|
Fetal neuromuscular disorder that impedes swallowing (eg, myotonic dystrophy, anencephaly) |
Genetic syndromes - Trisomy 18 or 21
- Prader-Willi
- Bartter
- Beckwith-Wiedemann
- RASopathy (eg, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation, and neurofibromatosis type 1)
|
High fetal cardiac output state - Supraventricular tachycardia
- Severe anemia (eg, alloimmunization, viral infection [Parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus], hemoglobinopathy)
- Fetal or placental mass with arteriovenous shunt (eg, sacrococcygeal teratoma, large chorioangioma)
|
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome |
Maternal diabetes mellitus |
Macrosomia |
Hydrops fetalis |