Cephalexin: Pediatric drug information

For additional information see "Cephalexin: Drug information" and "Cephalexin: Patient drug information"

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions show table

Brand Names: US

Keflex [DSC]

Brand Names: Canada

APO-Cephalex;
AURO-Cephalexin;
JAMP-Cephalexin;
LUPIN-Cephalexin;
TEVA-Cephalexin;
TEVA-Cephalexin 125;
TEVA-Cephalexin 250

Therapeutic Category

Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (First Generation)

Dosing: Pediatric

General dosing, susceptible infection:

Infants, Children, and Adolescents:

Mild to moderate infection: Oral: 25 to 50 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 12 hours; maximum daily dose: 2,000 mg/day (Ref). Note: At these daily doses, dosing less frequently than every 6 hours may be inadequate for many Staphylococcus aureus isolates (Ref).

Severe infection: Oral: 75 to 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; maximum daily dose: 4,000 mg/day (Ref).

Endocarditis, prophylaxis before invasive dental procedures

Endocarditis, prophylaxis before invasive dental procedures (alternate agent): Limited data available:

Note: Alternative agent for use in patients with penicillin or ampicillin allergy, excluding those with a history of anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria (Ref). Recommended only in patients who are at highest risk for infective endocarditis (IE) or adverse outcomes (eg, history of IE, cardiac valve repair using prosthetic valves or material, unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease [CHD], left ventricular assist device or implantable heart, repaired CHD with prosthetic material or device during first 6 months after procedure, pulmonary artery valve or conduit placement [eg, Melody valve, Contegra conduit], repaired CHD with residual defects at the site or adjacent to site of prosthetic patch or device, heart transplant recipients with cardiac valvulopathy) (Ref).

Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 50 mg/kg as a single dose administered 30 to 60 minutes prior to dental procedure; maximum dose: 2,000 mg/dose (Ref).

Exit-site or tunnel infection, peritoneal dialysis catheter

Exit-site or tunnel infection, peritoneal dialysis catheter: Limited data available:

Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 10 to 20 mg/kg/day once daily or divided every 12 hours; maximum dose: 1,000 mg/dose (Ref).

Duration of therapy (Ref):

Exit-site infection: ≥2 weeks and for at least 7 days after complete resolution; ≥3 weeks for S. aureus.

Tunnel infection: 2 to 4 weeks.

Osteoarticular infection, acute

Osteoarticular infection, acute (eg, bacterial arthritis, osteomyelitis): Step-down therapy following parenteral treatment:

Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 100 to 150 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; usual maximum dose: 1,000 mg/dose (Ref); some experts recommend a higher maximum dose of 1,500 mg/dose (Ref). Note: In some cases (eg, S. aureus infection), an every-6-hour frequency may be preferred to optimize dosing; if using every-8-hour frequency, use doses on the higher end of the range (Ref).

Duration of therapy: Should be individualized based on several factors, including causative pathogen, response to therapy, and normalization of inflammatory markers. For acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, the minimum total duration is 3 to 4 weeks of therapy. For acute bacterial arthritis without osteomyelitis, typical duration is 3 to 4 weeks, but courses as short as 10 to 14 days may be considered in patients with adequate source control who improve rapidly with a consistent, progressive decrease in C-reactive protein by the end of the first week (Ref).

Otitis media, acute

Otitis media, acute (AOM) (alternative agent): Note: Not recommended for empiric therapy; may be considered when a susceptible pathogen has been isolated (Ref).

Children and Adolescents <15 years: Oral: 75 to 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hours for 10 days; maximum dose not established for AOM. Usual maximum adult dose for other indications: Mild to moderate infections: 500 mg/dose; severe infections: 1,000 mg/dose (Ref).

Pneumonia, community acquired

Pneumonia, community acquired: Pathogen-directed therapy for mild infection or step-down therapy following parenteral treatment:

Infants >3 months, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 75 to 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; maximum daily dose: 4,000 mg/day (Ref). The usual total duration of therapy for uncomplicated pneumonia is 5 to 10 days (Ref).

Skin and soft tissue infection

Skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI): Note: Not appropriate as monotherapy if methicillin-resistant S. aureus is suspected or confirmed.

Cellulitis, erysipelas, purulent/fluctuant SSTI: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 25 to 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; maximum dose: 500 mg/dose (Ref). Doses on the higher end of the range are preferred for more severe infection or when methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus is suspected (Ref). Typical duration is 5 days for uncomplicated infection but may be extended if clinical response is inadequate (Ref).

Impetigo, ecthyma: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 25 to 50 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; usual adult dose: 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours; maximum daily dose: 2,000 mg/day. Duration of treatment is 7 days (Ref).

Streptococcus, group A; pharyngitis/tonsillitis

Streptococcus, group A; pharyngitis/tonsillitis (alternative agent for nonanaphylactic penicillin allergy): Children and Adolescents: Oral: 40 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours for 10 days; maximum dose: 500 mg/dose (Ref).

Urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI):

Infants, Children, and Adolescents:

Mild to moderate (eg, cystitis): Oral: 25 to 50 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 12 hours; maximum dose: 500 mg/dose (Ref).

Severe (eg, pyelonephritis): Oral: 50 to 100 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours; maximum dose: 1,000 mg/dose (Ref).

Duration of therapy: Should be individualized based on patient-specific factors such as age, severity/extent of infection, clinical response, etc; some patients may require longer than the minimum treatment duration (eg, patients with slower clinical improvement or more complicated disease). For uncomplicated cystitis, 5 days of treatment is typically adequate (Ref). For complicated UTI, including pyelonephritis, treatment for 7 to 10 days is likely appropriate; longer duration (≥10 days) was not shown to improve outcomes as compared to shorter duration (6 to 9 days) in an observational study of patients ≥6 months of age (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

Weight-based dosing: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: There are no recommendations in the manufacturer's labeling; the following adjustments have been recommended (Aronoff 2007). Note: Renally-adjusted dose recommendations are based on doses of 25 to 50 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hours: Oral:

CrCl >50 mL/minute/1.73 m²: No adjustment necessary.

CrCl 30 to 50 mL/minute/1.73 m²: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg/dose).

CrCl 10 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m²: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 12 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg/dose).

CrCl <10 mL/minute/1.73 m²: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg/dose).

Intermittent hemodialysis: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours after dialysis (maximum dose: 500 mg/dose).

Peritoneal dialysis: 5 to 10 mg/kg/dose every 24 hours (maximum dose: 500 mg/dose).

Fixed dosing: Adolescents ≥15 years: Oral:

CrCl ≥60 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl 30 to 59 mL/minute: No adjustment necessary; maximum recommended daily dose: 1,000 mg/day.

CrCl 15 to 29 mL/minute: 250 mg every 8 to 12 hours.

CrCl 5 to 14 mL/minute (not yet on dialysis): 250 mg every 24 hours.

CrCl 1 to 4 mL/minute (not yet on dialysis): 250 mg every 48 to 60 hours.

Dosing: Liver Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosing adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.

Dosing: Adult

(For additional information see "Cephalexin: Drug information")

Usual dosage range: Oral: 250 mg to 1 g every 6 hours or 500 mg every 12 hours (maximum: 4 g/day).

Endocarditis, prophylaxis

Endocarditis, prophylaxis (dental or invasive respiratory tract procedures) (alternative agent for patients with nonsevere, non-IgE-mediated penicillin allergy) (off-label use): Oral: 2 g 30 to 60 minutes prior to procedure; if inadvertently not given prior to the procedure, may be administered up to 2 hours after the procedure. Note: Reserve for select situations (cardiac condition with the highest risk of adverse endocarditis outcomes and procedure likely to result in bacteremia with an organism that can cause endocarditis) (Ref).

Mastitis, lactational

Mastitis, lactational:

Note: Reserve for nonsevere infection in the absence of risk for resistant pathogens (eg, methicillin-resistant S. aureus) (Ref).

Oral: 500 mg 4 times daily for 10 to 14 days; shorter courses (eg, 5 to 7 days) may be considered for patients with rapid clinical resolution (Ref).

Prosthetic joint infection

Prosthetic joint infection (off-label use): Oral: Treatment (following pathogen-specific IV therapy in patients undergoing 1-stage exchange or debridement with retention of prosthesis). Note: Duration ranges from a minimum of 3 months to indefinitely, depending on patient-specific factors (Ref):

Staphylococci (methicillin-susceptible): 500 mg every 6 to 8 hours or 1 g every 8 to 12 hours. For the first 3 to 6 months of therapy, combine with rifampin (Ref).

Streptococci, beta-hemolytic (alternative agent): 500 mg every 6 to 8 hours (Ref).

Cutibacterium spp (alternative agent): 500 mg every 6 to 8 hours (Ref).

Skin and soft tissue infection

Skin and soft tissue infection:

Note: Not an appropriate agent if methicillin-resistant S. aureus is suspected or confirmed (Ref).

Cellulitis, long-term suppression of recurrent infection: Note: For patients with recurrent presumptive staphylococcal or beta-hemolytic streptococcal cellulitis at the same anatomical site despite addressing predisposing factors (Ref).

Staphylococcal infection: Oral: 500 mg two to four times daily (Ref).

Streptococcal infection: Oral: 500 mg twice daily (Ref).

Cellulitis (nonpurulent)/erysipelas, mild: Oral: 500 mg 4 times daily for ≥5 days but may extend up to 14 days depending on severity and clinical response (Ref).

Impetigo or ecthyma: Note: For impetigo, reserve systemic therapy for patients with numerous lesions or in outbreak settings to decrease transmission (Ref).

Oral: 250 to 500 mg 4 times daily for 7 days (Ref).

Streptococcal pharyngitis, group A

Streptococcal pharyngitis, group A (alternative agent for mild, nonanaphylactic penicillin allergy):

Note: Cephalosporin selection depends on the type of hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin (Ref).

Oral: 500 mg twice daily for 10 days (Ref).

Urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection:

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (≥10⁵ CFU per mL) in pregnancy: Oral: 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours for 5 to 7 days (Ref).

Cystitis, acute uncomplicated or acute simple cystitis (infection limited to the bladder without signs/symptoms of upper tract, prostate, or systemic infection), treatment (alternative agent): Note: Use only when first-line agents cannot be used; limited evidence suggests inferior efficacy of oral beta-lactams (Ref).

Oral: 500 mg twice daily or 250 mg 4 times daily for 5 to 7 days (Ref).

Pregnant patients: Oral: 250 to 500 mg every 6 hours for 5 to 7 days (Ref).

Cystitis, prophylaxis for recurrent infection:

Note: May be considered in nonpregnant women with bothersome, frequently recurrent cystitis despite nonantimicrobial preventive measures. The optimal duration has not been established; duration ranges from 3 to 12 months, with periodic reassessment (Ref).

Continuous prophylaxis: Oral: 125 to 250 mg once daily (Ref).

Postcoital prophylaxis (females with cystitis temporally related to sexual intercourse): Oral: 250 mg as a single dose immediately before or after sexual intercourse (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.

Altered kidney function (expert opinion derived from (Ref)): Oral:

**Cephalexin Oral Dosage Adjustments for Altered Kidney Function**
Unit dose	250 mg	500 mg			1 g
CrCl	If the usual recommended dose is: 250 mg every 6 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 500 mg every 12 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 500 every 8 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 500 mg every 6 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 1 g every 12 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 1 g every 8 hours	If the usual recommended dose is: 1 g every 6 hours
≥30 mL/minute	No dosage adjustment necessary.	No dosage adjustment necessary.	No dosage adjustment necessary.	No dosage adjustment necessary.	No dosage adjustment necessary.	No dosage adjustment necessary.	CrCl ≥50 mL/min: No dosage adjustment necessary. CrCl 30 to <50 mL/min: 1 g every 8 hours
15 to <30 mL/minute	250 mg every 8 hours	500 mg every 24 hours or 250 mg every 12 hours	500 mg every 12 hours	500 mg every 8 hours	1 g every 24 hours or 500 mg every 12 hours	1 g every 12 hours	1 g every 12 hours
<15 mL/minute	250 mg every 12 to 24 hours	250 mg every 24 hours	500 mg every 24 hours	500 mg every 12 hours	500 mg every 24 hours	1 g every 24 hours	1 g every 24 hours

Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Dialyzable (50%) (Ref):

Oral: Dose as for CrCl <15 mL/minute (Ref). When scheduled dose falls on a dialysis day administer after dialysis (Ref).

Peritoneal dialysis: Limited clearance by peritoneal dialysis (Ref):

Oral: Dose as for CrCl <15 mL/minute (Ref).

CRRT: Drug clearance is dependent on the effluent flow rate, filter type, and method of renal replacement. Recommendations are based on high-flux dialyzers and effluent flow rates of 20 to 25 mL/kg/hour (or ~1,500 to 3,000 mL/hour) unless otherwise noted. Close monitoring of response and adverse reactions due to drug accumulation is important.

Oral: No data. Dose adjustments based on expert opinion only: Dose as for CrCl 30 to <50 mL/minute (Ref).

PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): Drug clearance is dependent on the effluent flow rate, filter type, and method of renal replacement. Close monitoring of response and adverse reactions due to drug accumulation is important.

Oral: No data. Dose adjustments based on expert opinion only:

PIRRT days: Dose as for CrCl 30 to <50 mL/minute (Ref).

Non-PIRRT days: Dose as for CrCl <15 mL/minute (Ref).

Dosing: Liver Impairment: Adult

The liver dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Matt Harris, PharmD, MHS, BCPS, FAST, FCCP; Jeong Park, PharmD, MS, BCTXP, FCCP, FAST; Arun Jesudian, MD; Sasan Sakiani, MD.

Liver impairment prior to treatment initiation:

Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A to C: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).

Adverse Reactions (Significant): Considerations

Clostridioides difficile infection

Clostridioides difficile infection has occurred with cephalexin, including Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea and Clostridioides difficile colitis (Ref).

Mechanism: Dose- and time-related; related to cumulative antibiotic exposure. Cephalexin may cause disruption of the intestinal microbiota resulting in the overgrowth of pathogens, such as C. difficile (Ref).

Onset: Varied; may start on the first day of antibiotic therapy or up to 3 months postantibiotic (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Antibiotic exposure (highest risk factor) (Ref)

• Type of antibiotic (Ref)

• Long durations in a hospitalization or other healthcare setting (recent or current) (Ref)

• Older adults (Ref)

• Immunocompromised conditions (Ref)

• A serious underlying condition (Ref)

• GI surgery/manipulation (Ref)

• Antiulcer medications (eg, proton pump inhibitors, H₂ blockers) (Ref)

• Chemotherapy (Ref)

Hemolytic anemia

Immune hemolytic anemia has occurred in patients receiving cephalosporins, including very rarely cephalexin (Ref). Positive direct Coombs test, acute intravascular hemolysis, and pigment nephropathy have been reported (Ref).

Mechanism: Non–dose-related; immunologic (ie, induces complement activating drug-dependent antibodies [mainly IgM-type] resulting in immune-complexes) (Ref); however, nonimmune cases have also been reported (Ref).

Onset: Varied; occurs several minutes to 9 days after the first dose (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Cross-reactivity with other cephalosporins (Ref)

Hypersensitivity reactions (immediate and delayed)

Hypersensitivity reactions (immediate and delayed) range from skin rash to rare cases of anaphylaxis (Ref). Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Ref), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Ref), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (Ref) have been reported.

Mechanism: Non–dose-related; immunologic. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (eg, anaphylaxis, urticaria) are IgE-mediated. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions, including maculopapular rash and SCARs, are T-cell-mediated (Ref).

Onset: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions: Rapid; occurs within 1 hour of administration but may occur up to 6 hours after exposure (Ref). Delayed hypersensitivity reactions: Maculopapular reactions: Intermediate; occurs 7 to 10 days after initiation. Other reactions (including SCARs): Varied; occurs 1 to 8 weeks after initiation (Ref).

Risk factors:

• Cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins and among cephalosporins is mostly related to side chain similarity (Ref). For cephalexin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin share identical or similar side chains, respectively, and cross-reactions with these specifically have been reported (Ref).

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

Frequency not defined:

Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, genital pruritus

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastritis, nausea, pruritus ani, vomiting

Genitourinary: Genital candidiasis, vaginal discharge, vaginitis

Hematologic & oncologic: Eosinophilia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice, increased serum alanine aminotransferase, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase

Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis

Nervous system: Agitation, confusion, dizziness, fatigue, hallucination, headache

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, arthritis, arthropathy

Renal: Interstitial nephritis

Postmarketing:

Dermatologic: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (Da Cunha 2018), skin rash (Goh 2021), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Murray 1992), toxic epidermal necrolysis (Haferman 2014), urticaria (Goh 2021)

Gastrointestinal: Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea (Wilcox 2017), Clostridioides difficile colitis (Wilcox 2017)

Hematologic & oncologic: Acute intravascular hemolysis (Forbes 1972), hemolytic anemia (Thiessen 2017), positive direct Coombs test (Baradhi 2015)

Hepatic: Hepatitis (Skoog 2004)

Hypersensitivity: Angioedema (Goh 2021)

Immunologic: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Machnikowski 2021)

Renal: Renal disease (pigment nephropathy from immune hemolytic anemia) (Baradhi 2015)

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to cephalexin, other cephalosporins, or any component of the formulation

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Elevated INR: May be associated with increased INR, especially in nutritionally-deficient patients, prolonged treatment, hepatic or renal disease.

• Penicillin allergy: Use with caution in patients with a history of penicillin allergy, especially IgE-mediated reactions (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria).

• Seizure disorder: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizure disorder; high levels, particularly in the presence of renal impairment, may increase risk of seizures.

• Superinfection: Prolonged use may result in fungal or bacterial superinfection.

Disease-related concerns:

• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; modify dosage in severe impairment.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Capsule, Oral:

Keflex: 750 mg [DSC] [contains fd&c blue #1 (brilliant blue), fd&c yellow #6 (sunset yellow), quinoline yellow (d&c yellow #10)]

Generic: 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg

Suspension Reconstituted, Oral:

Generic: 125 mg/5 mL (100 mL, 200 mL); 250 mg/5 mL (100 mL, 200 mL)

Tablet, Oral:

Generic: 250 mg, 500 mg

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Capsules (Cephalexin Oral)

250 mg (per each): $0.19 - $0.87

500 mg (per each): $0.35 - $1.97

750 mg (per each): $9.38

Suspension (reconstituted) (Cephalexin Oral)

125 mg/5 mL (per mL): $0.23 - $2.40

250 mg/5 mL (per mL): $0.23 - $3.60

Tablets (Cephalexin Oral)

250 mg (per each): $4.56

500 mg (per each): $8.96

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Capsule, Oral:

Generic: 250 mg, 500 mg

Suspension Reconstituted, Oral:

Generic: 125 mg/5 mL (100 mL, 150 mL, 200 mL); 250 mg/5 mL (100 mL, 120 mL, 150 mL, 200 mL)

Tablet, Oral:

Generic: 250 mg, 500 mg

Administration: Pediatric

The following feeding tube recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior editor panel: Joseph I. Boullata, PharmD, RPh, CNS-S, FASPEN, FACN; Peggi A. Guenter, PhD, RN, FASPEN; Kathleen Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHP, FASPEN, FPPA, FMSHP; Mark G. Klang, MS, RPh, BCNSP, PhD, FASPEN; Linda Lord, NP, ACNP-BC, CNSC, FASPEN.

Note: Recommendations may not account for differences in inactive ingredients, osmolality, or other formulation properties that may vary among products from different manufacturers.

Oral: Administer without regard to food.

Oral suspension (commercially available): Shake suspension well before use. Administer with an accurate measuring device; do not use a household teaspoon (overdosage may occur).

Administration via feeding tube:

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube) or post-pyloric tubes (eg, J-tube): Shake suspension well prior to drawing up dose for dilution. Dilute dose with at least an equivalent volume of purified water immediately prior to administration to reduce osmolality and viscosity (Ref); further dilution may be necessary for post-pyloric administration (Ref). Draw up diluted suspension into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref). Note: Cephalexin is absorbed from the duodenum. Although post-pyloric absorption has been reported, absorption may be reduced if administered via jejunum; if jejunal administration is necessary, consider increased monitoring for efficacy (Ref).

Dosage form information: Some undiluted formulations have been reported to have osmolality ranging from ~2,000 to ~2,400 mOsm/kg (Ref); oral suspensions with an osmolality >600 mOsm/kg may increase the probability of adverse GI effects (eg, diarrhea, cramping, abdominal distention, slowed gastric emptying), particularly if administered post-pylorically, inadequately diluted, and/or used in at-risk patients (eg, neonates and infants, patients with short bowel syndrome) (Ref).

General guidance: Hold enteral nutrition during cephalexin administration (Ref). Flush feeding tube with the lowest volume of purified water necessary to clear the tube prior to administration based on size of patient and/or feeding tube (eg, neonates: 1 to 3 mL; infants and children: 2 to 5 mL; adolescents: 15 mL); refer to institutional policies and procedures (Ref). Following administration, rinse container used for preparation with purified water; draw up rinse and administer contents to ensure delivery of entire dose (Ref). Flush feeding tube with an appropriate volume of purified water and restart enteral nutrition (Ref).

Capsule:

Administration via feeding tube: Enteral feeding tube administration utilizing cephalexin capsules is not preferred; capsule contents are not easily dispersed and increase risk of clogging feeding tubes (Ref). When alternatives are not available and use of capsules is deemed necessary for feeding tube administration, some institutions have successfully administered capsules; consider the risks versus benefits and ensure adequate flushing occurs following administration (Ref).

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube) or post-pyloric tubes (eg, J-tube): Open powder-containing capsule(s) and disperse contents from each capsule in 15 to 30 mL purified water; draw up mixture into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref). Note: Cephalexin is absorbed from the duodenum. Although post-pyloric absorption has been reported, absorption may be reduced if administered via jejunum; if jejunal administration is necessary, consider increased monitoring for efficacy (Ref).

Tablet:

Administration via feeding tube:

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube) or post-pyloric tubes (eg, J-tube): Crush tablet(s) into a fine powder and disperse in 15 to 30 mL purified water; draw up mixture into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref). Note: Cephalexin is absorbed from the duodenum. Although post-pyloric absorption has been reported, absorption may be reduced if administered via jejunum; if jejunal administration is necessary, consider increased monitoring for efficacy (Ref).

Dosage form information: Some formulations may be film-coated; administration of film-coated cephalexin tablets via feeding tube may increase the risk of clogging the tube; if used, ensure tablets are sufficiently dispersed prior to administration (Ref).

Administration: Adult

Oral: Administer without regard to food. If GI distress, take with food. Give around-the-clock to promote less variation in peak and trough serum levels.

Enteral feeding tube:

The following recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior editorial team: Joseph I. Boullata, PharmD, RPh, CNS-S, FASPEN, FACN; Peggi A. Guenter, PhD, RN, FASPEN; Kathleen Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHP, FASPEN, FPPA, FMSHP; Mark G. Klang, MS, RPh, BCNSP, PhD, FASPEN; Linda Lord, NP, ACNP-BC, CNSC, FASPEN.

Note: Cephalexin is absorbed from the duodenum. Although post-pyloric absorption has been reported, absorption may be reduced if administered via jejunum; if jejunal administration is necessary, consider increased patient monitoring for efficacy (Ref).

Oral capsule:

Note: Enteral feeding tube administration utilizing cephalexin capsules is not preferred; capsule contents are not easily dispersed and increase risk of clogging feeding tubes (Ref). When alternatives are not available and use of capsules is deemed necessary for feeding tube administration, some institutions have successfully administered capsules; consider the risks versus benefits and ensure adequate flushing occurs following administration (Ref).

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube ) or post-pyloric (eg, J-tube) tubes: Open powder-containing capsule(s) and disperse contents from each capsule in 15 to 30 mL purified water; draw up mixture into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref).

General guidance: Hold enteral nutrition (EN) during cephalexin administration (Ref). Flush feeding tube with an appropriate volume of purified water (eg, 15 mL) before administration (Ref). Following administration, rinse container used for preparation with purified water; draw up rinse and administer contents to ensure delivery of entire dose (Ref). Flush feeding tube with an appropriate volume of purified water (eg, 15 mL) and restart EN (Ref).

Oral suspension (commercially available):

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube) or post-pyloric (eg, J-tube) tubes: Shake suspension well prior to drawing up dose for dilution. Dilute dose with at least an equivalent volume of purified water immediately prior to administration to reduce osmolality and viscosity (Ref); further dilution may be necessary for post-pyloric administration (Ref). Draw up diluted suspension into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref).

Dosage form information: Some undiluted formulations have been reported to have osmolalities ranging from ~2,000 to ~2,400 mOsm/kg (Ref); oral suspensions with an osmolality >600 mOsm/kg may increase the probability of adverse GI effects (eg, diarrhea, cramping, abdominal distention, slowed gastric emptying), particularly if administered post-pylorically, inadequately diluted, and/or used in at-risk patients (eg, neonates and infants, patients with short bowel syndrome) (Ref).

General guidance: Hold EN during cephalexin administration (Ref). Flush feeding tube with an appropriate volume of purified water (eg, 15 mL) before administration (Ref). Following administration, rinse container used for preparation with purified water; draw up rinse and administer contents to ensure delivery of entire dose (Ref). Flush feeding tube with an appropriate volume of purified water (eg, 20 mL) and restart EN (Ref).

Oral tablet:

Gastric (eg, NG, G-tube) or post-pyloric (eg, J-tube) tubes: Crush tablet(s) into a fine powder and disperse each tablet in 15 to 30 mL purified water; draw up mixture into enteral dosing syringe and administer via feeding tube (Ref).

Dosage form information: Some formulations may be film-coated; administration of film-coated cephalexin tablets via feeding tube may increase the risk of clogging the tube; if used, ensure tablets are dispersed sufficiently with an adequate amount of purified water prior to administration (Ref).

Note: Recommendations may not account for differences in inactive ingredients, osmolality, or other formulation properties that may vary among products from different manufacturers.

Storage/Stability

Capsule: Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15ºC to 30ºC (59ºF to 86ºF).

Powder for oral suspension: Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Refrigerate after reconstitution; discard after 14 days.

Tablet: Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).

Use

Treatment of the following susceptible bacterial infections: Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Moraxella catarrhalis; respiratory tract infections (including pharyngitis) caused by S. pneumoniae or S. pyogenes; skin and skin structure infections caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes; bone infections caused by S. aureus or Proteus mirabilis; and genitourinary tract infections (including acute prostatitis) caused by Escherichia coli, P. mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae (All indications: FDA approved in ages >1 year and adults); has also been used for prophylaxis of endocarditis before invasive dental or respiratory tract procedures and treatment of exit-site or tunnel infections in patients with peritoneal dialysis catheters.

Medication Safety Issues

Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Cephalexin may be confused with cefaclor, ceFAZolin, ciprofloxacin

Keflex may be confused with Keppra, Valtrex

High alert medication:

The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication among its list of drugs (pediatric liquid medications requiring measurement) which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error (High-Alert Medications in Community/Ambulatory Care Settings).

Older Adult: High-Risk Medication:

Cephalexin is identified in the Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria as a potentially inappropriate medication in older adults (≥65 years of age) for use in asymptomatic bacteriuria (O’Mahony 2023).

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of MATE1/2-K, OAT1/3;

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program

Aminoglycosides: Cephalosporins may increase nephrotoxic effects of Aminoglycosides. Cephalosporins may decrease serum concentration of Aminoglycosides. Risk C: Monitor

Bacillus clausii: Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Bacillus clausii. Management: Bacillus clausii should be taken in between antibiotic doses during concomitant therapy. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

BCG (Intravesical): Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of BCG (Intravesical). Risk X: Avoid

BCG Vaccine (Immunization): Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of BCG Vaccine (Immunization). Risk C: Monitor

Cholera Vaccine: Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Cholera Vaccine. Management: Avoid cholera vaccine in patients receiving systemic antibiotics, and within 14 days following the use of oral or parenteral antibiotics. Risk X: Avoid

Dofetilide: Cephalexin may increase serum concentration of Dofetilide. Risk C: Monitor

Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Oral): May decrease therapeutic effects of Antibiotics. Risk X: Avoid

Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Rectal): Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Fecal Microbiota (Live) (Rectal). Risk X: Avoid

Furosemide: May increase nephrotoxic effects of Cephalosporins. Risk C: Monitor

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies): Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies). Risk C: Monitor

Lactobacillus and Estriol: Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus and Estriol. Risk C: Monitor

MetFORMIN: Cephalexin may increase serum concentration of MetFORMIN. Risk C: Monitor

Mycophenolate: Antibiotics may decrease active metabolite exposure of Mycophenolate. Specifically, concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA) may be reduced. Risk C: Monitor

Probenecid: May increase serum concentration of Cephalosporins. Risk C: Monitor

Sodium Picosulfate: Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Sodium Picosulfate. Management: Consider using an alternative product for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy in patients who have recently used or are concurrently using an antibiotic. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide: May decrease serum concentration of Cephalexin. Management: Administer cephalexin at least 1 hour before administration of sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Typhoid Vaccine: Antibiotics may decrease therapeutic effects of Typhoid Vaccine. Only the live attenuated Ty21a strain is affected. Management: Avoid use of live attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) in patients being treated with systemic antibacterial agents. Postpone vaccination until 3 days after cessation of antibiotics and avoid starting antibiotics within 3 days of last vaccine dose. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification

Vitamin K Antagonists: Cephalosporins may increase anticoagulant effects of Vitamin K Antagonists. Risk C: Monitor

Food Interactions

Peak antibiotic serum concentration is lowered and delayed, but total drug absorbed is not affected. Cephalexin serum levels may be decreased if taken with food. Management: Administer without regard to food.

Pregnancy Considerations

Cephalexin crosses the placenta and produces therapeutic concentrations in the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid (Creatsas 1980).

Based on available data, cephalosporin antibiotics, including cephalexin, are generally considered compatible for use during pregnancy (Ailes 2016; Bookstaver 2015; Crider 2009; Czeizel 2001; Lamont 2014; Muanda 2017a; Muanda 2017b). An increased risk of major birth defects or other adverse fetal or maternal outcomes has generally not been observed following use of cephalexin during pregnancy.

Peak concentrations in pregnant patients are similar to those in nonpregnant patients. Prolonged labor may decrease oral absorption (Griffith 1983; Paterson 1972).

Cephalexin is one of the recommended antibiotics for use prior to vaginal delivery in patients at high risk for endocarditis. This includes patients with congenital heart disease, prosthetic valves, previous infective endocarditis, or cardiac transplant. Cephalexin is given 30 to 60 minutes prior to a vaginal delivery; the dose for endocarditis prophylactic is the same as nonpregnant patients (ACOG 2018).

Cephalosporins are an alternative for group B streptococcus prophylaxis in pregnant patients who are penicillin allergic and at low risk for anaphylaxis; cephalexin may be used if an oral agent is appropriate (ACOG 2020).

Cephalexin may be considered for post–cesarean delivery prophylaxis in patients with obesity as part of a combination therapy in patients who may not have received recommended antibiotic prophylaxis (ACOG 2018; Tara 2022; Valent 2017).

Untreated urinary tract infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth and delivery of low-birth-weight infants. Treatment with a targeted antibiotic is recommended when asymptomatic bacteriuria or acute cystitis are diagnosed to minimize these untoward effects and reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis. Cephalexin may be used for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria and acute cystitis in pregnant patients (ACOG 2023).

Monitoring Parameters

With prolonged therapy, monitor renal, hepatic, and hematologic function periodically; monitor for signs of anaphylaxis with first dose; number and type of stools/day for diarrhea.

Mechanism of Action

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. Bacteria eventually lyse due to ongoing activity of cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins and murein hydrolases) while cell wall assembly is arrested.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Absorption: Rapid (90%); delayed in young children and may be decreased up to 50% in neonates

Distribution: Widely into most body tissues and fluids, including gallbladder, liver, kidneys, bone, sputum, bile, and pleural and synovial fluids; CSF penetration is poor

Protein binding: 10% to 15%

Half-life elimination: Neonates: 5 hours; Children 3 to 12 months: 2.5 hours; Adults: 0.5 to 1.2 hours (prolonged with renal impairment)

Time to peak, serum: ~1 hour

Excretion: Urine (>90% as unchanged drug) within 8 hours

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Anti-infective considerations:

Parameters associated with efficacy:

Time dependent; associated with time free drug concentration (fT) > minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC):

Enterobacterales: Goal: 30% to 40% fT > MIC (bacteriostatic), 60% to 70% fT > MIC (bactericidal) (Craig 1998; Turnidge 1998).

Staphylococcus spp.: Goal: 24% fT > MIC (in vitro) (Turnidge 1998).

Streptococcus spp. and H. influenzae: Goal: >40% fT > MIC (Craig 1998; Turnidge 1998).

Expected drug concentration in normal renal function:

Children 1 to 16 years of age, C_max(peak):

50 mg/kg every 8 hours, steady state: 59 mg/L (range: 22 to 155 mg/L) (Autmizguine 2013).

Adults, C_max (peak):

250 mg, single dose: 7 to 9 mg/L (Griffith 1983).

500 mg, single dose: 14 to 18 mg/L (Griffith 1983).

1 g, single dose: 28 to 32 mg/L (Griffith 1983).

Postantibiotic effect: Generally <1 hour; varies based on organism (Craig 1991; Craig 1998).

Brand Names: International

International Brand Names by Country

For country code abbreviations (show table)

(AE) United Arab Emirates: Araphlex | Cefaxine | Cefrin | Cephadar | Cephalex | Cephalexin | Cophalexin | Ibilex | Kefexin | Keflex | Lexin | Midaflex | Omaceph | Ospexin | Pharmexin | Sporidex | Ultrasporin;
(AR) Argentina: Beliam | Butefina | Butefina duo | Cefaduo | Cefagrand | Cefalexi g.n.o. | Cefalexina agrand | Cefalexina argentia | Cefalexina fabra | Cefalexina fecofar | Cefalexina labsa | Cefalexina lacefa | Cefalexina northia | Cefalexina puntanos | Cefalexina richet | Cefalexina sant gall friburg | Cefalexina vannier | Cefapoten | Cefarinol | Cefasporina oriental | Cefosporen | Ceporexin | Ceporexin Duo | Fabotop | Fabotop duo | Fada cefalexina | Keforal | Lafexina | Lars | Lexin | Lorbicefax | Nap | Novalexin | Permvastat | Ribamicin | Septilisin | Septilisin duo | Sinurit | Trexina | Velexina | Xinacefale;
(AT) Austria: Cephalobene | Keflex | Ospexin | Sanaxin;
(AU) Australia: Apo cephalexin | Cefalexin sandoz | Cefalexin-bc | Cephabell | Cephalexin | Cephalexin an | Cephalexin generichealth | Cephalexin ps | Cephalexin sandoz | Cephalexin-Lupin | Cephatrust | Cilex | Cm cephalexin | Dbl cephalexin | Ialex | Ibilex | Keflex | Keforal | Noumed cefalexin | Pharmacor cephalexin | Rancef | Sporahexal | Terry white chemists cephalexin | Tw cephalexin;
(BD) Bangladesh: Acelex | Alexin | Alsporin | Aristocef | Avloxin | Cefalex | Ceflex | Cepa | Cephal | Cephalen | Cephaloxin | Cepharol | Cephaxil | Cephaxin | Ceporal | Ceporex | Chemosef | Cypor | Docep | Edicef | Hi-Cef | Jephaxin | Keflex | Keflin | Lexin | Navalexin | Neorex | Nufex | Remasef | Rephalex | Selex | Supralex | Tycef;
(BE) Belgium: Ceporex | Keforal;
(BF) Burkina Faso: Cefamor;
(BG) Bulgaria: Cephalexin | Ceporex | Keflex | Ospexin | Sporidex;
(BO) Bolivia, Plurinational State of: Maxibiotic nf;
(BR) Brazil: Betacef | Cef | Cefabran | Cefacimed | Cefagel | Cefagran | Cefalexina | Cefalexina monoidratada | Cefanal | Cefaxon | Cefexina | Ceflexin | Celen af | Celinax | Cellexina | Falexina | Furp cefalexina | Kefalexin | Keflaxina | Keflex | Keforal | Kiflexin | Lexin | Neoceflex | Primacef | Profalexina | Uniao cefalexina | Valflex;
(CH) Switzerland: Cefalexin Mepha | Ceporex | Kefexin | Keflex;
(CI) Côte d'Ivoire: Orex | Sanceph ds;
(CL) Chile: Cefalexina;
(CN) China: Bei dun | Bian xin | Cephalexin | Fu bian lin | Fu le | Fu lin | Mei feng | Shen jia | Si bao li ke | Sporidex | Xi fu xing | Xian feng iv;
(CO) Colombia: Afelex | Beliam | Biocefal | Cefaflex | Cefalex | Cefalexina | Cefalexina MK | Cefalon | Cefax | Cefaxil | Ceflaxilin | Ceflaxqrp | Ceporex | Ceprax | Cexgram t | Cimotar | Cinfast | Crocefal | Efaltec | Endamox | Enfarxin | Erocetin | Falex | Farvibact | Impofal | Keflex | Lexbac | Lospor | Ospexina | Sinpox | Tiacef | Versaclox;
(CR) Costa Rica: Cefalexina bp;
(CZ) Czech Republic: Cefaclen | Cephalexin dh | Keflex | Oracef | Ospexin;
(DE) Germany: Cephalexin | Ceporexin | Ceporexine;
(DO) Dominican Republic: Baykid cefalexina | Beltrak aglf | Cefalaan | Cefalap | Cefalexgobens | Cefalexina | Cefaval | Colcefa | Falex | Fezina | Keflex | Lufralexin | Ospexin | Pegivicin | Servispor | Sogolexin | Sporidex | Torlasporin;
(EC) Ecuador: Cefacher | Cefadin | Cefadin forte | Cefalepan | Cefalexina | Cefalexina MK | Cefalexina nifa | Cefalyx | Cefaporin | Cefrin | Ceporex | Efaltec | H.G. Cefalexin | Italcefal | Keflex | Lefacen | Lexin | Orquicef | Palitrex | Servispor | Sporidex | Xefalexin t;
(EE) Estonia: Cephalexin | Kefexin | Keflex | Oracef | Ospexin | Pyassan;
(EG) Egypt: Amthrost | Ceflodix | Cephalexin | Cephalexine | Cephlex | Cephoxin | Ceporex | Gramocef | Ibilex | Keflex | Neocef | Ospexin | Respicef | Rivalexin | Starcef;
(ES) Spain: Cefalexgobens | Cefalexina Normon | Cusisporina cefalex | Defaxina | Kefloridina | Septosporina | Sporol | Sulquipen | Torlasporin;
(ET) Ethiopia: Brufex | Cefalexin | Cefamor | Cephalexin | Cephalexine | Cephast | Felexin | Sanceph;
(FI) Finland: Cefalexin generics | Cefalexine eql pharma | Ceporexina | Kefalex | Kefexin | Keflex | Patrexin;
(FR) France: Cefacet | Cefalexine rpg | Ceporexine | Keforal;
(GB) United Kingdom: Cefalexin | Celafexin | Cephalexin | Cephalexin arrow | Cephalexin berk | Cephalexin cox | Cephalexin kent | Cephalexin sandoz | Ceporex | Keflex | Kiflone | Tenkorex;
(GR) Greece: Keflex;
(HK) Hong Kong: Amysporin | Anxer | Apt cephalex | Cefacapxin | Cefacin | Cefacin-M | Cefacure | Cefastad | Cefaxin | Celexin | Cephalexin | Cephalexyl | Cephanmycin | Ceporex | Cepoxin | Felexin | Ikodin | Keflex | Koflex | Ma cephalexin | Medicephal | Medolexin | Neo cepha | Neoflexin | Neokef | Nice flexin | Ora-c | Ospexin | Po flexin | S-Cepha | Sofilex | Synlexin | Syntolexin | U falexin | Vickcepha | Vidacephaxin;
(HR) Croatia: Cefaleksin | Cefalexin Alkaloid | Cefalin | Ceporex;
(HU) Hungary: Kefexin | Keflex | Ospexin | Pyassan | Servispor;
(ID) Indonesia: Cefabiotic | Cefalin | Cephalexin | Cepharoxin | Decalexin | Inphalex | Kefexin | Kelfex | Lexipron | Madlexin | Ospexin | Palitrex | Pralexin | Servispor | Sofaxin | Tepaxin | Theralexin;
(IE) Ireland: Ceporex | Keflex;
(IL) Israel: Ceforal | Cefovit | Cefovit forte | Keflex;
(IN) India: Acelaxin | Advacef | Alceff | Alcephin | Alfexin | Allsafe | Amcef | Amicef | Apkef | Aurocef | Avocef | Bactocep | Betaspore | Blucef | Cefacure | Cefal | Cefalin | Cefamor | Cefax | Cefcidal | Cefcure | Cefel | Ceff | Cefin | Cefmix | Cefron | Cefspor | Cefter | Ceftop | Celex | Cephacom | Cephadex | Cephalexin | Cephalkem | Cephanij | Cepharil | Cephaxain | Cephaxin | Cephee | Cephin | Cephlenat | Cepoxin | Citaceph | Crelexin | Ecef-od | Ecocef | Eldoxine | Elexin | Emceph | Equitrol | Euceff | Fex | Fixobact | Gencef | Gerfex | Hycef | Intaceph | Kefaxin | Keflex | Laboceph | Lecef | Lexin | Lexipil | Lexocef | Lx | Mafexin | Marcef | Melexin | Merifex | Mexef | Neocef | Nufex | Oriphex | Oroceph | Pekcid | Perlex | Phexin | Phexirom 500 | Prilex | Prilocef | Roceph | Rofex | Sanceph | Sayolexin | Seafax | Sefact | Sepexin | Sephen | Solexin | Spexin | Spocelin | Spor | Sporan | Sporidex | Spormax | Sporolin | Staphydex | Suzicef | Swicexin | Threeocef | Trexin Forte | Uniceph | Unifex | Zyphexin | Zyporidex;
(IQ) Iraq: Acaflex | Cephalaxine | Cephalexin;
(IT) Italy: Cefalen | Ceporex | Keforal | Lafarin;
(JO) Jordan: Belacef | Cefrin | Cephacent | Cephadar | Felexin | Keflex | Lexin | Medolexin | Midaflex | Ospexin | Pharmexin | Ramoxin | Ultrasporin | Unilexin;
(JP) Japan: Cephalex | Cephalex R | Cephalexin | Cephalexin amel | Cephalexin fujimoto | Cephalexin kowa | Cephalexin maruko | Cephalexin nichiik | Cephalexin sanken | Cephalexin sanko | Cephalexin santen | Cephalexin sawai | Cephalexin showa | Cephalexin tatumi | Cephalexin towa | Cephalexin tsuruhara | Cephalomax | Cephazal | Cepol glaxosmithkline | Cepol kaken | Cepol torii | Cex | Cipomin | Derantel | Garasin | Iwalexin | Keflex | Larixin | Madlexin | Ohlexin | Oracocin | Oroxin | Palitrex | Rinesal | Salitex | Sawalexin | Segoramin | Sencephalin | Suciralin | Syncl | Taicelexin taiyo | Tokiolexin | Tokiolexin mita | Toyocelexin | Xahl;
(KE) Kenya: Alcephine | C lex | C lex ds | Cefacure | Cefalin | Cefamor | Ceff | Cephast | Cephastal | Corfex | Felaxin | Felexin | Fezine | Leocef | Leximark | Medalexin | Oracef | Ospexin | Rivalexin;
(KR) Korea, Republic of: Cefatiol | Cefaxin | Cephalexin | Ceporex | Eupasin | Falexin | Ildong cephalexin | Kefacin | Ultralexin;
(KW) Kuwait: Cefrin | Cephalex | Keflex;
(LB) Lebanon: Cefacet ge | Cephadar | Cephalex | Cephalexine | Kefexin | Keflex | Oralexin | Ospexin | Pharmexin | Torlasporin | Ultrasporin | Zafalex | Zozarine;
(LT) Lithuania: Cefaclen | Ceff | Cephalexin | Ceporex | Keflex | Oracef | Ospexin | Pyassan | Sef | Sepexin | Sporidex | Torlasporin;
(LU) Luxembourg: Ceporex | Keforal;
(LV) Latvia: Cefaclen | Cefalexina Normon | Ceff | Cephalexin | Ceporex | Keflex | Kefloridina | Oracef | Ospexin | Palitrex | Pyassan | Sef | Sepexin | Sporidex;
(MA) Morocco: Keforal | Orex;
(MX) Mexico: Acacin | Apofec | Arlexen | Bitfin | Capxin | Cefalexina | Cefalexina Arlex | Cefalexina gi | Cefalexina protein | Cefalexina Ranbaxy | Cefalver | Ceftexin | Ceporex | Facelit | Falexol | Fleximin | Flextinol | Genobiotic cefa | Keflex | Keflex liquido | Keflex pediatrico | Nafacil | Nafacil s | Naxifelar | Nixelaf c | Paferxin | Quimosporina | Servicef | Sporicef | Zilac;
(MY) Malaysia: Aurocef | Axcel cephalexin | Cefacure | Cefax | Ceff | Cephalexin | Cephalexin Pharmaniaga | Cephanmycin | Cepocin | Ceporex | Dyna Cephalexin | Dynalexin | Felexin | Keflex | Medolexin | Ospexin | Refex | Servispor | Sofilex | Solulexin | Sporidex | Sporidex AF | Uphalexin;
(NG) Nigeria: Axcel cephalexin | Cefaheal | Cephaflash | Ceporex | Doxiphlex | Medofalexin | Monacef | Nci cefalexin | Obilexin | Sporidex;
(NL) Netherlands: Keforal;
(NO) Norway: Keflex;
(NZ) New Zealand: Cefalexin flynn | Cefalexin sandoz | Cephalexin | Keflex | Noumed cefalexin;
(OM) Oman: Omaceph;
(PE) Peru: Alexcef | Apo-cephalex | C-fal | Cecan | Cefabroncol s | Cefakem | Cefalexina | Cefamek | Ceff | Ceflextrim | Cefmark | Cefrin | Cefunat | Ceporex | Cflip | Cflip 500 | Decacef | Dinircef | Falegen | Falexim | Keflex | Kelexyn | Lexin | Ospexin | Sporidex;
(PH) Philippines: Airex | Aseflex | Bacilexin | Bandax | Barcef | Benlexin | Bleximar | Bloflex | Boie cefalexin | Canelin | Cefalexin Diamond | Cefalin | Cefamed | Cefax | Cegape | Celex | Celexil | Celoxone | Cendalex | Cepham | Ceporex | Cfa | Chriseph | Cidoxine | Civalex | Clephin | Cromlex | Diacef | Difagen | Difalex | Edexin | Edixin | Elancef | Eliphorin | Essenphal | Exel | Fablex | Falex | Fensid | Fevenil | Flaximed | Flexonal | Forexine | Halcepin | Harvexyl | Infexin | Ivynall | Jt | Keff | Keflex | Kindoplex | Lafayette cefalexin | Lefex | Lewimycin | Lexibase | Lexriel | Lexum | Lonarel | Lyceplix | Madexin | Medic aid cefalexin | Medilexin | Medoxine | Mefolex | Merfexin | Mexin | Nefadon | Neolecsin | Nerfalex | Oneflex | Oranil | Parmecel | Pectril | Pediaflex | Pharex cefalexin | Pneumonex | Respinal | Saphlexin | Selzep | Servispor | Sigaflex | Sorlex | Sporidex | Sydenexin | Syfalexin | Tonnaxe | Usa-cefalexin | Vicephrin | Voxxim | Wilflex | Xeface | Xinflex | Zefalex | Zepharyl | Zeporin | Zexanta | Zinace;
(PK) Pakistan: Abirex | Ag-Cin | Alexin | Anglolexin | Avencef | Avloxin | Bacticlor | Biocef | Blocef | Camocep | Cefalex | Cefenas | Ceflex | Ceflin | Cephalex | Cephalin | Cephaxin | Ceporex | Ceporin | Cerox | Ciblexin | Culex | Defalex | Defmat | Delexin | Geolexin | Inlaxin | Jaflex | Kavelex | Keflex | Keforal | Kefporin | Kephalexin | Kingcef | Kix | Lexicef | Lexin | Lexofin | Maclexin | Monolexin | Murbex | Neulexin | Nufex | Oceflox | Oracef | Oralexin | Ospexin | Palaxin | Pefalex | Perlex | Plivacef | Rekosporin | Safalex | Safexin | Sefolex | Sn halex | Solexin | Solvocef | Vegzin | Xtab | Zafalexin | Zeporin;
(PL) Poland: Cefaclen | Cefaleksyna | Cephalexin | Keflex | Oracef;
(PR) Puerto Rico: Cephalexin | Daxbia | Keflex;
(PT) Portugal: Cefalexina | Ceflax | Ceporex | Keflex | Zozarine;
(PY) Paraguay: As biotic c | As biotic cefalexina | Biolexim | Cecan | Cefacilin | Cefadil | Cefalexina | Cefalexina 500 mg bag pharmaceutical | Cefalexina agrand | Cefalexina cellofarm | Cefalexina dallas | Cefalexina dasanti | Cefalexina delta | Cefalexina dutriec | Cefalexina genfar | Cefalexina heisecke | Cefalexina imedic | Cefalexina la sante | Cefalexina millet | Cefalexina prosalud | Cefalexina variquin | Cefalexina vivele | Cefaseptil | Cefazoland | Celexin | Celimac | Dranexin | Erocetin | Fabotop | Famicin | Galen biotic | Givalex | Keforal | Lexibac | Medamox cefalexina | Mediforina | Multicef | Talexin;
(QA) Qatar: Apo-Cephalex | Cefaxine | Cephadar | Cephadar Forte | Cephalex | Felexin | Keflex | Lexin | Medolexin | Midaflex | Omaceph | Ospexin | Phexin | Unilexin;
(RO) Romania: Cefalexin sandoz | Cefalexina arena | Cefalexina atb | Cephalexin | Keflex | Oracef | Ospexin;
(RU) Russian Federation: Cefaclen | Ceff | Cephalexin | Ecoxefron | Ospexin | Palitrex | Pyassan;
(SA) Saudi Arabia: Cefaxine | Cefrin | Cephadar | Cephalex | Ceporex | Keflex | Lexin | Midaflex | Monocef | Omaceph | Ospexin | Ultrasporin;
(SE) Sweden: Cefalexin mylan | Keflex;
(SG) Singapore: Apo-cephalex | Cefalin | Celexin | Cephalen | Cephanmycin | Ceporex | Felexin | Keflex | Neokef | Ospexin | Sofilex | Solulexin | Sporidex | Uphalexin;
(SI) Slovenia: Cefaleksin Pliva | Ceporex | Keflex | Oracef;
(SK) Slovakia: Cefaclen | Oracef | Ospexin;
(SL) Sierra Leone: Cefalexin;
(TH) Thailand: Anxer | Axcel cephalexin | Biolex | Cefanex | Cefexin | Cefxin | Cefxinman | Celex | Cemelax | Cepha | Cephalex | Cephalexin | Cephalexin Cosma | Cephalexyl | Cephin | Ceporex | Cepxinman | Colaxin | Colaxin O | Colaxin Pl | Colaxin-g | Farmalex | Faslex | Felexin | Ibilex | Keflex | Kresslex | Lakflex | Lexin | Lexporin | Meiphalex | Neolexin | Pharlex | Pondnacef | Sefasin | Servispor | Sialexin | Sporicef | Sporidex | Sporidin | Starlex | Suphalex | Teplexin | Ticolex | Toflex | Ulflex | Vataceph | Velexin | Zeplex;
(TN) Tunisia: Cefrin | Cephadar | Keforal | Ultrasporine;
(TR) Turkey: Bilfasin | Maksipor | Sef;
(TW) Taiwan: Casemycin | Cefalox | Ceflexin | Cepha | Cephalexin | Cephalin | Cephanmycin | Cephyalexin | Ceporex | Cp mycin | Felexin | Ikodin | Kanfuyen | Keflex | Keflexin | Kefolan | Kelexin | Kidolex | Konfumycin | Liphalexin | Lofaxin | Lonflex | Lopilexin | Ohlexin | Ospexin | Paraflex | Refexin | Ronflow | Sawalexin | Sencephalin | Servispor | Sinflex | Sinlex | Tokiolexin | Ulex | Ulexin | Welexin | Winlex;
(UA) Ukraine: Lexin | Oracef | Ospexin | Sporidex;
(UG) Uganda: Axcel cephalexin | Brulexin | Cefamor | Cefax | Cefex | Cephoxin | Felexin | Hi cef | Oracef | Oriphex | Perlex | Sanceph | Sanceph ds | Theoflex | Trylexin 125 ds;
(UY) Uruguay: Biosporal | Cefalexina | Cesporal | Ospexin | Septilisin | Thidoxina;
(VE) Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of: Bidocef | Cefalexina | Cefalexina (cefaloga) | Keforal | Lexiwell | Sporidex | Stricef;
(VN) Viet Nam: Ausfalex | Corfarlex | Eulexcin | Firstlexin | Glexil | Haefalex | Hapenxin | Ibalexin | Maxxvenprex | Tenamydcefa | Vialexin;
(ZA) South Africa: Apo cephalexin | Aspen Cephalexin | Auro cefalexin | Auro cephalexin | Betacef | Ceporex | Cpl alliance cephalexin | Fexin | Keflex | Lenocef | Ranceph | Rolab-cephalexin;
(ZM) Zambia: Apkef | Aurocef | Cefacure | Cefamor | Ceff | Celexin | Cephadex | Cephalexin | Cephamex | Decacef | Felexin | Lexin | Safexin | Sepexin | Spocelin | Sporidex;
(ZW) Zimbabwe: Cephalexin | Vari cephalexin

Adams D. Administration of drugs through a jejunostomy tube: an overview of compatibility and efficacy. Br J Intensive Care. 1994;4:10-17.
Afolabi TM, Goodlet KJ, Fairman KA. Association of antibiotic treatment duration with recurrence of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(8):757-766. doi:10.1177/1060028019900650 [PubMed 31958969]
Ailes EC, Gilboa SM, Gill SK, et al; The National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106(11):940-949. doi:10.1002/bdra.23570 [PubMed 27891788]
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, eds. Red Book: 2021-2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):595-610. [PubMed 21873693]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin no. 199: use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(3):e103-e119. [PubMed 30134425]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) prevention of group B streptococcal early-onset disease in newborns: ACOG committee opinion, number 797. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(2):e51-e72. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003668 [PubMed 31977795]
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(2):435-445. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005269 [PubMed 37473414]
Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42-52. [PubMed 27060684]
Anger J, Lee U, Ackerman AL, et al. Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: AUA/CUA/SUFU guideline. J Urol. 2019;202(2):282-289. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000296 [PubMed 31042112]
Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children. 5th ed. College of Physicians; 2007.
Autmizguine J, Watt KM, Théorêt Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral cephalexin in children with osteoarticular infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(12):1340-1344. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182a222a6 [PubMed 23811740]
Autore G, Bernardi L, La Scola C, et al. Management of pediatric urinary tract infections: a Delphi study. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(8):1122. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11081122 [PubMed 36009990]
Baddour LM. Impetigo. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed July 19, 2023.
Balighian E, Burke M. Urinary tract infections in children. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(1):3-12. doi:10.1542/pir.2017-0007 [PubMed 29292282]
Baltimore RS, Gewitz M, Baddour LM, et al. Infective endocarditis in childhood: 2015 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1487-1515. [PubMed 26373317]
Bankhead R, Boullata J, Brantley S, et al. Enteral nutrition practice recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(2):122-167. doi:10.1177/0148607108330314 [PubMed 19171692]
Baradhi KM, Ahmed S, Buford ML. The Case | Acute renal failure after antibiotic treatment for bronchitis. Diagnosis: Pigment nephropathy from cephalexin-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Kidney Int. 2015;87(6):1269-1270. doi:10.1038/ki.2014.152 [PubMed 26024043]
Bass JW, Chan DS, Creamer KM, et al. Comparison of oral cephalexin, topical mupirocin and topical bacitracin for treatment of impetigo. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(7):708-710. doi:10.1097/00006454-199707000-00013 [PubMed 9239775]
Bathini L, Jandoc R, Kuwornu P, et al. Clinical outcomes of failing to dose-reduce cephalosporin antibiotics in older adults with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;14(2):197-205. doi:10.2215/CJN.10710918 [PubMed 30630861]
Berbari E, Baddour LM. Prosthetic joint infection. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed December 10, 2019.
Bergan T. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Cephalosporins. Drugs, 1987;34(suppl 2):89-104. [PubMed 3319507]
Blaszczyk A, Brandt N, Ashley J, Tuders N, Doles H, Stefanacci RG. Crushed tablet administration for patients with dysphagia and enteral feeding: challenges and considerations. Drugs Aging. 2023;40(10):895-907. doi:10.1007/s40266-023-01056-y [PubMed 37707775]
Blumenthal KG, Peter JG, Trubiano JA, Phillips EJ. Antibiotic allergy. Lancet. 2019;393(10167):183-198. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9 [PubMed 30558872]
Bookstaver PB, Bland CM, Griffin B, Stover KR, Eiland LS, McLaughlin M. A review of antibiotic use in pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35(11):1052-1062. doi:10.1002/phar.1649 [PubMed 26598097]
Boullata JI. Enteral medication for the tube-fed patient: making this route safe and effective. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021;36(1):111-132. doi:10.1002/ncp.10615 [PubMed 33373487]
Boullata JI. Guidebook on Enteral Medication Administration. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2019.
Boullata JI, Carrera AL, Harvey L, et al. ASPEN safe practices for enteral nutrition therapy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(1):15-103. doi:10.1177/0148607116673053 [PubMed 27815525]
Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):e25-e76. [PubMed 21880587]
Bradley JS and Nelson JD, eds. Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy. 25th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2019.
Bradley JS, Nelson JD, Barnett ED, et al, eds. Nelson's Pediatric Microbial Therapy. 27th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.
Brockow K, Przybilla B, Aberer W, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions: S2K-Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and the German Dermatological Society (DDG) in collaboration with the Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the German Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG), the Swiss Society for Allergy and Immunology (SGAI), the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (ÖGAI), the German Academy of Allergology and Environmental Medicine (DAAU), the German Center for Documentation of Severe Skin Reactions and the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Products (BfArM). Allergo J Int. 2015;24(3):94-105. doi:10.1007/s40629-015-0052-6 [PubMed 26120552]
Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, Fisman DN. Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(5):2326-2332. doi:10.1128/AAC.02176-12 [PubMed 23478961]
Bunke CM, Aronoff GR, Brier ME, Sloan RS, Luft FC. Cefazolin and cephalexin kinetics in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;33(1):66-72. doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.9 [PubMed 6848301]
Buonomo A, Nucera E, Pecora V, et al. Cross-reactivity and tolerability of cephalosporins in patients with cell-mediated allergy to penicillins. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24(5):331-337. [PubMed 25345303]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FAQs for Clinicians about C. diff. Updated July 20, 2021. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/cdiff/clinicians/faq.html
Cephalexin (capsules, powder for suspension, tablets) [prescribing information]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc; December 2020.
Cephalexin (oral suspension, USP) [prescribing information]. Congers, NY: Chartwell RX LLC; December 2021.
Chen AE, Carroll KC, Diener-West M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cephalexin versus clindamycin for uncomplicated pediatric skin infections. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):e573-e580. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2053 [PubMed 21339275]
Chu YN, Lee MS, Yang SC et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis in an infant induced by drug intake through breast milk. Dermatologica Sinica. 2019;37:86-89. doi:10.4103/ds.ds_12_18 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333819112_Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis_in_an_infant_induced_by_drug_intake_through_breast_milk
Collins CE, Ayturk MD, Flahive JM, Emhoff TA, Anderson FA Jr, Santry HP. Epidemiology and outcomes of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infections in Medicare beneficiaries. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218(6):1141-1147.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.01.053 [PubMed 24755188]
Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(1):1-10. doi:10.1086/516284 [PubMed 9455502]
Craig WA. The postantibiotic effect. Clin Microbiology Newsletter. 1991;13(16):121-124. doi:10.1016/0196-4399(91)90030-Y
Creatsas G, Pavlatos M, Lolis D, Kaskarelis D. A study of the kinetics of cephapirin and cephalexin in pregnancy. Curr Med Res Opin. 1980;7(1):43-46. [PubMed 7428412]
Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, Berry RJ, Hobbs CA, Hu DJ. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(11):978-985. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.188 [PubMed 19884587]
Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sørensen HT, Olsen J. Use of cephalosporins during pregnancy and in the presence of congenital abnormalities: a population-based, case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(6):1289-1296. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.113905 [PubMed 11349204]
DaCunha M, Moore S, Kaplan D. Cephalexin-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Dermatol Reports. 2018;10(2):7686. doi:10.4081/dr.2018.7686 [PubMed 30464809]
Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Wilson W, et al. Prevention of Bacterial Endocarditis Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1997;277(22):1794-1801. [PubMed 9178793]
Dave J, Heathcock R, Fenelon L, Bihari DJ, Simmons NA. Cephalexin induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991;28(3):477-478. doi:10.1093/jac/28.3.477 [PubMed 1960132]
DeRonde KJ, Girotto JE, Nicolau DP. Management of pediatric acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, part I: antimicrobial stewardship approach and review of therapies for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Kingella kingae. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(9):947-966. doi:10.1002/phar.2160 [PubMed 29920709]
de Rossi P, Cimerman S, Truzzi JC, et al. Joint report of SBI (Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases), FEBRASGO (Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations), SBU (Brazilian Society of Urology) and SBPC/ML (Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine): recommendations for the clinical management of lower urinary tract infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(2):110-119. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2020.04.002 [PubMed 32360431]
Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P, et al. Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(9):1951-1961. doi:10.1093/jac/dkt129 [PubMed 23620467]
Dickerson RN, Melnik G. Osmolality of oral drug solutions and suspensions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1988;45(4):832-834. [PubMed 3376967]
Dixon JM. Lactational mastitis. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed May 31, 2022.
Elo J, Ahava K. Cephalexin compared with ampicillin in urinary tract infections in children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1975;1(3 Suppl):85-92. doi:10.1093/jac/1.suppl_3.85 [PubMed 1104558]
Exius R, Gabrielli S, Abrams EM, et al. Establishing amoxicillin allergy in children through direct graded oral challenge (GOC): evaluating risk factors for positive challenges, safety, and risk of cross-reactivity to cephalosporines. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;S2213-2198(21)00791-1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.057 [PubMed 34293504]
Expert opinion. Senior Enteral Feeding Tube Editorial Team: Joseph I. Boullata, PharmD, RPh, CNS-S, FASPEN, FACN; Peggi A. Guenter PhD, RN, FASPEN; Kathleen Gura, PharmD, BCNSP, FASHP, FASPEN, FPPA, FMSHP; Mark G. Klang MS, RPh, BCNSP, PhD, FASPEN; Linda Lord, NP, ACNP-BC, CNSC, FASPEN.
Expert opinion. Senior Hepatic Editorial Team: Matt Harris, PharmD, MHS, BCPS, FAST, FCCP; Jeong Park, PharmD, MS, BCTXP, FCCP, FAST; Arun Jesudian, MD; Sasan Sakiani, MD.
Expert opinion. Senior Renal Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
Fennell RS 3rd, Walker RD, Garin EH, Richard GA. Cephalexin in the management of bacteriuria. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1975;14(10):934-938. doi:10.1177/000992287501401010 [PubMed 1100295]
Forbes CD, Craig JA, Mitchell R, McNicol GP. Acute intravascular haemolysis associated with cephalexin therapy. Postgrad Med J. 1972;48(557):186-188. doi:10.1136/pgmj.48.557.186 [PubMed 5024157]
Fox MT, Amoah J, Hsu AJ, Herzke CA, Gerber JS, Tamma PD. Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic treatment duration in children with pyelonephritis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e203951. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3951 [PubMed 32364593]
Galli L, Venturini E, Bassi A, et al. Common community-acquired bacterial skin and soft-tissue infections in children: an intersociety consensus on impetigo, abscess, and cellulitis treatment. Clin Ther. 2019;41(3):532-551.e17. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.01.010 [PubMed 30777258]
Girard NJ. DRESSed for failure. AORN J. 2015;101(4):504-464. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2015.01.015 [PubMed 25835014]
Goh SH, Chong KW, Chiang WC, Goh A, Loh W. Outcome of drug provocation testing in children with suspected beta-lactam hypersensitivity. Asia Pac Allergy. 2021;11(1):e3. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e3 [PubMed 33604273]
Golightly LK, Teitelbaum I, Simendinger BA, Kiser TH, Barber GR, Stolpman NM, eds. Renal Pharmacotherapy: Dosage Adjustment of Medications Eliminated by the Kidneys. 2nd ed. Springer Science; 2022.
Gower PE. The use of small doses of cephalexin (125 mg) in the management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1975;1(3)(suppl):93-98. doi:10.1093/jac/1.suppl_3.93 [PubMed 1104559]
Griffith RS. The pharmacology of cephalexin. Postgrad Med J. 1983;59(suppl 5):16-27. [PubMed 6364086]
Gupta K. Acute simple cystitis in female adults. Connor RF, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed January 3, 2024.
Gupta K. Recurrent simple cystitis in women. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed October 13, 2021a.
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (IDSA/ESCMID). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103-120. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq257 [PubMed 21292654]
Gwee A, Autmizguine J, Curtis N, Duffull SB. Twice- and thrice-daily cephalexin dosing for Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(6):519-522. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002646 [PubMed 32412727]
Hafermann MJ, Barber GR, Dreskin SC, Lindberg GK. Fatal case of cephalexin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2014;2:2050313X14532250. doi:10.1177/2050313X14532250 [PubMed 27489646]
Halilovic J, Heintz BH. Antibiotic dosing in cirrhosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(19):1621-1634. doi:10.2146/ajhp140031 [PubMed 25225448]
Hari P, Meena J, Kumar M, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for management of urinary tract infection and primary vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. Published online October 28, 2023. doi:10.1007/s00467-023-06173-9 [PubMed 37897526]
Hartley CL, Clements HM, Linton KB. Effects of cephalexin, erythromycin and clindamycin on the aerobic Gram-negative faecal flora in man. J Med Microbiol. 1978;11(2):125-135. doi:10.1099/00222615-11-2-125 [PubMed 660638]
Haynes AS, Prinzi A, Silveira LJ, et al. Cefadroxil comparable to cephalexin: minimum inhibitory concentrations among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pediatric musculoskeletal infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e0103922. doi:10.1128/spectrum.01039-22 [PubMed 35730963]
Helin I. Three-day therapy with cephalexin for lower urinary tract infections in children. Scand J Infect Dis. 1984;16(3):305-307. doi:10.3109/00365548409070405 [PubMed 6387892]
Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, Kuijper EJ. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(3):742-748. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr508 [PubMed 22146873]
Holscher CM, Mauck SK, Armstrong L, Buchanan JA. Man with rash and nausea. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis after cephalexin use. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(6):508-516. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.03.059 [PubMed 22098993]
Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Ingle B, Bretz PJ. Transfer of probenecid and cephalexin into breast milk. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5):986-989. [PubMed 16551765]
Ito S, Blajchman A, Stephenson M, Eliopoulos C, Koren G. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168(5):1393-1399. [PubMed 8498418]
Ito S. Drug therapy for breast-feeding women. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(2):118-126. [PubMed 10891521]
Johnson SE, Foord RD. Cephalexin dosage in general practice assessed by double-blind trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 1972;1(1):37-48. doi:10.1185/03007997209111143 [PubMed 4589401]
Kabins SA, Kelner B, Walton E, Goldstein E. Cephalexin therapy as related to renal function. Am J Med Sci. 1970;259(2):133-142. doi:10.1097/00000441-197002000-00007 [PubMed 5413723]
Kafetzis DA, Siafas CA, Georgakopoulos PA, Papadatos CJ. Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70(3):285-288. [PubMed 7246123]
Kanafani ZA. Invasive Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) infections. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed September 20, 2020.
Keflex (cephalexin) capsules [prescribing information]. Locust Valley, NY: Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC; December 2018.
Keflex (cephalexin) suspension [prescribing information]. Locust Valley, NY: Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC; December 2018.
Keflex (cephalexin) [product monograph]. Montreal, Québec: Pendopharm; May 2018.
Klang MG. Developing guidance for feeding tube administration of oral medications. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2023;47(4):519-540. doi:10.1002/jpen.2490 [PubMed 36847617]
Lamont HF, Blogg HJ, Lamont RF. Safety of antimicrobial treatment during pregnancy: a current review of resistance, immunomodulation and teratogenicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(12):1569-1581. doi:10.1517/14740338.2014.939580 [PubMed 25189188]
Lashkar MO, Nahata MC. Antimicrobial pharmacotherapy management of urinary tract infections in pediatric patients. J Pharm Technol. 2018;34(2): 62-81. doi:10.1177/8755122518755402 [PubMed 34860955]
Leicht HB, Weinig E, Mayer B, Viebahn J, Geier A, Rau M. Ceftriaxone-induced hemolytic anemia with severe renal failure: a case report and review of literature. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;19(1):67. doi:10.1186/s40360-018-0257-7 [PubMed 30359322]
Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964-e999. [PubMed 23439909]
Linquist JA, Siddiqui JY, Smith IM. Cephalexin in patients with renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1970;283(14):720-723. doi:10.1056/NEJM197010012831402 [PubMed 5454765]
Lockhart PB, Tampi MP, Abt E, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline on antibiotic use for the urgent management of pulpal- and periapical-related dental pain and intraoral swelling: A report from the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2019;150(11):906-921.e12. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.08.020 [PubMed 31668170]
Machnikowski N, Alani A, Douglas H, et al. Acute necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis as a manifestation of DRESS caused by cephalexin during pregnancy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(2):403-406. doi:10.1111/ced.14450 [PubMed 33031580]
Manoharan A, Kot T. Cephalexin-induced haemolytic anaemia. Med J Aust. 1987;147(4):202. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133379.x [PubMed 3657639]
Matsuda S. Transfer of antibiotics into maternal milk. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol. 1984;5(2):57-60. [PubMed 6743732]
McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(7):e1-e48. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085 [PubMed 29462280]
Menday AP. Comparison of pivmecillinam and cephalexin in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;13(3):183-187. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00118-1 [PubMed 10724022]
Mitchell KB, Johnson HM, Rodríguez JM, et al; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine clinical protocol #36: the mastitis spectrum, revised 2022. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17(5):360-376. doi:10.1089/bfm.2022.29207.kbm [PubMed 35576513]
Momen S, Dangiosse C, Wedgeworth E, Walsh S, Creamer D. A case of toxic epidermal necrolysis and vanishing bile duct syndrome, requiring liver transplantation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(10):e450-e452. doi:10.1111/jdv.14290 [PubMed 28426901]
Montini G, Tessitore A, Console K, et al. Short oral antibiotic therapy for pediatric febrile urinary tract infections: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2024;153(1):e2023062598. doi:10.1542/peds.2023-062598 [PubMed 38146260]
Muanda FT, Sheehy O, Bérard A. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations: a population based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017a;83(11):2557-2571. doi:10.1111/bcp.13364 [PubMed 28722171]
Muanda FT, Sheehy O, Bérard A. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ. 2017b;189(17):E625-E633. doi:10.1503/cmaj.161020 [PubMed 28461374]
Murray KM, Camp MS. Cephalexin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26(10):1230-1233. doi:10.1177/106002809202601006 [PubMed 1421644]
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Drug allergy: diagnosis and management of drug allergy in adults, children and young people. Published September 2014. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg183
Nicolle LE, Gupta K, Bradley SF, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):e83-e110. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1121 [PubMed 30895288]
Niemiec PW Jr, Vanderveen TW, Morrison JI, Hohenwarter MW. Gastrointestinal disorders caused by medication and electrolyte solution osmolality during enteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1983;7(4):387-389. doi:10.1177/0148607183007004387 [PubMed 6413718]
Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(2):252-289. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011 [PubMed 28315732]
O'Mahony D, Cherubini A, Guiteras AR, et al. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 3. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023;14(4):625-632. doi:10.1007/s41999-023-00777-y [PubMed 37256475]
Ondusko DS, Nolt D. Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Rev. 2018;39(6):287-298. doi:10.1542/pir.2017-0224 [PubMed 29858291]
Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):e1-e25. [PubMed 23223583]
Pallin DJ, Binder WD, Allen MB, et al. Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(12):1754-1762. doi:10.1093/cid/cit122 [PubMed 23457080]
Paterson ML, Henderson A, Lunan CB, et al. Transplacental Transfer of Cephalexin. Clinical Medicine. 1972;22-24.
Pedler SJ, Bint AJ. Comparative study of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cephalexin in the treatment of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;27(4):508-510. doi:10.1128/aac.27.4.508 [PubMed 4004191]
Pernica JM, Harman S, Kam AJ, et al. Short-course antimicrobial therapy for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: The SAFER randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(5):475-482. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6735 [PubMed 33683325]
Pfau A, Sacks TG. Effective prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(4):810-814. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.4.810 [PubMed 1576275]
Pichichero ME. Treatment and prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed June 1, 2021.
Ramchandar N, Arnold J, Cannavino C, Bradley JS. Frequency of dosing of cephalexin for oral step-down therapy of pediatric osteoarticular infections caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(6):523-525. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002661 [PubMed 32398570]
Refer to manufacturer's labeling.
Romano A, Gaeta F, Valluzzi RL, et al. IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to cephalosporins: cross-reactivity and tolerability of alternative cephalosporins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):685-691.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.012 [PubMed 25930196]
Romano A, Gaeta F, Valluzzi RL, Maggioletti M, Caruso C, Quaratino D. Cross-reactivity and tolerability of aztreonam and cephalosporins in subjects with a T cell-mediated hypersensitivity to penicillins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(1):179-186. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.025 [PubMed 27016799]
Romano A, Valluzzi RL, Caruso C, Maggioletti M, Quaratino D, Gaeta F. Cross-reactivity and tolerability of cephalosporins in patients with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to penicillins. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(5):1662-1672. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.01.020 [PubMed 29408440]
Saavedra-Lozano J, Falup-Pecurariu O, Faust SN, et al. Bone and joint infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(8):788-799. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001635 [PubMed 28708801]
Same RG, Amoah J, Hsu AJ, et al. The association of antibiotic duration with successful treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(3):267-273. doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa055 [PubMed 32525203]
Shah DD, Kuzmov A, Clausen D, et al. Osmolality of commonly used oral medications in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(2):172-178. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-26.2.172 [PubMed 33603581]
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(12):e45-e80. doi:10.1093/cid/cix669 [PubMed 29053792]
Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(10):1279-1282. doi:10.1093/cid/cis847 [PubMed 23091044]
Skoog SM, Smyrk TC, Talwalkar JA. Cephalexin-induced cholestatic hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(9):833. doi:10.1097/01.mcg.0000139074.40365.04 [PubMed 15365421]
Sollecito TP, Abt E, Lockhart PB, et al. The use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures in patients with prosthetic joints: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for dental practitioners--a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(1):11-16. [PubMed 25569493]
Spelman D, Baddour LM. Acute cellulitis and erysipelas in adults: treatment. Connor RF, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed January 2, 2025.
Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol. 2015;67(3):546-558. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.007 [PubMed 25477258]
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):e10-e52. [PubMed 24973422]
Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS, Fisher SG, van Wijngaarden E. Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(1):42-48. doi:10.1093/cid/cir301 [PubMed 21653301]
Stone CA Jr, Trubiano JA, Phillips EJ. Testing strategies and predictors for evaluating immediate and delayed reactions to cephalosporins. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):435-444.e13. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.07.056 [PubMed 32822918]
Tack KJ, Keyserling CH, McCarty J, Hedrick JA. Study of use of cefdinir versus cephalexin for treatment of skin infections in pediatric patients. The Cefdinir Pediatric Skin Infection Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(4):739-742. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.4.739 [PubMed 9087480]
Tara F, Danesteh S, Rezaee M, Geraylow KR, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moeindarbari S. Effectiveness of postoperative oral administration of cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women undergoing cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study-phase III. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):150. doi:10.1186/s13756-022-01191-y [PubMed 36471429]
Thiessen K, Kraleti S. Cephalexin-induced haemolytic anaemia: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(5):615-617. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12542 [PubMed 28474415]
Trottier ED, Farley St-Amand B, Vincent M, et al. Outpatient management of moderate cellulitis in children using high-dose oral cephalexin. Paediatr Child Health. 2022;27(4):213-219. doi:10.1093/pch/pxac031 [PubMed 35859686]
Turnidge JD. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(1):10-22. doi:10.1086/514622 [PubMed 9675443]
Valent AM, DeArmond C, Houston JM, et al. Effect of post-cesarean delivery oral cephalexin and metronidazole on surgical site infection among obese women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(11):1026-1034. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.10567 [PubMed 28975304]
Vardakas KZ, Trigkidis KK, Boukouvala E, Falagas ME. Clostridium difficile infection following systemic antibiotic administration in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(1):1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008 [PubMed 27216385]
Warady BA, Bakkaloglu S, Newland J, et al. Consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections and peritonitis in pediatric patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: 2012 update. Perit Dial Int. 2012;32(suppl 2):S32-S86. [PubMed 22851742]
Watson T, Hickok J, Fraker S, Korwek K, Poland RE, Septimus E. Evaluating the risk factors for hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infections in a large healthcare system. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(12):1957-1959. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1112 [PubMed 29272341]
White R, Bradnam V; British Pharmaceutical Nutrition Group. Handbook of Drug Administration via Enteral Feeding Tubes. 3rd ed. London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 2015.
Wilcox MH, Chalmers JD, Nord CE, Freeman J, Bouza E. Role of cephalosporins in the era of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(1):1-18. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw385 [PubMed 27659735]
Wilson WR, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, et al; American Heart Association Young Hearts Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and the Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research.. Prevention of viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(20):e963-e978. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000969 [PubMed 33853363]
Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al; American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group [published correction appears in Circulation. 2007;116(15):e376-e377]. Circulation. 2007;115(15):1736-1754. [PubMed 17446442]
Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (PIDS/IDSA): 2021 guideline on diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in pediatrics. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(8):801-844. doi:10.1093/jpids/piab027 [PubMed 34350458]
Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2023 guideline on diagnosis and management of acute bacterial arthritis in pediatrics. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024;13(1):1-59. doi:10.1093/jpids/piad089 [PubMed 37941444]
World Health Organization. (‎2000)‎. Mastitis: causes and management. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66230
World Health Organization (WHO). Breastfeeding and maternal medication, recommendations for drugs in the eleventh WHO model list of essential drugs. 2002. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/62435
Wynn RL, Bergman SA, Meiller TF, et al. Antibiotics in treating oral-facial infections of odontogenic origin: an update. Gen Dent. 2001;49(3):238-40, 242, 244 passim. [PubMed 12004720]
Yetsko A, Draper HM, Eid K, Jameson AP, Dumkow LE. Two times versus four times daily cephalexin dosing for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in females. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(9):ofad430. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad430 [PubMed 37779597]
Zaoutis T, Shaikh N, Fisher BT, et al. Short-course therapy for urinary tract infections in children: the SCOUT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177(8):782-789. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1979 [PubMed 37358858]
Zeng L, Wang C, Jiang M, et al. Safety of ceftriaxone in paediatrics: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(10):981-985. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2019-317950 [PubMed 32144089]
Zhang F, Zhou J. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: 13 years of experience in the management at a Department of Dermatology in China. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2017;36(1):19-24. doi:10.3109/15569527.2016.1141416 [PubMed 27079364]

Topic 13138 Version 627.0

خرید پکیج

Cephalexin: Pediatric drug information