Hyperventilation |
- Increased input from neural receptors
- Pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
- Increased central drive
- Increased peripheral drive at carotid body chemoreceptors
- Hypoxia
- Metabolic acidosis
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Hypoventilation |
- Decreased central drive
- Hereditary variation (15% with diminished response to pCO2)
- Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
- Medications (eg, opioids)
- Decreased peripheral drive
- Carotid body resection
- Metabolic alkalosis
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Decreased hypoxic ventilatory response |
- Hereditary (Tibetans disease)
|
Feedback |
- Increased ventilation lowers pCO2 which reduces central and peripheral drive increasing pCO2
- Decreased ventilation raises pCO2 which increases central and peripheral drive lowering pCO2
- Hypoxia increases ventilatory drive which by lowering pCO2, increases pO2
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