Key pathogenic events of GCA

Representation of a cross-sectional segment of a GCA-involved artery summarizing key pathogenic events, starting in the adventitia (activation of dendritic cells, T lymphocyte activation and differentiation), followed by transmural infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages resulting from amplification loops and angiogenesis, and leading eventually to intimal hyperplasia and lumen occlusion.

GCA: giant cell arteritis; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; Th: T helper cell; IFN: interferon; TLR: toll-like receptor; HLA-DR: human leukocyte antigen DR isotype; TCR: T cell receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; FGFs: fibroblast growth factors; PDGFs: platelet-derived growth factors; ET-1: endothelin 1; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases.

Figure created by Dr. Nekane Terrades Garcia (Catalyzing Science). Reproduced with permission.

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Key pathogenic events of GCA