| Condition | Associated clinical features |
| Bladder dysfunction | - Frequency, urgency, incontinence
|
| Vulvovaginitis or vaginal foreign body | - Dysuria, bleeding, pyuria
|
| Chemical/mechanical cystitis or urethritis (eg, associated with bath products, migration of pinworms, masturbation) | - Dysuria, bleeding, pyuria
|
| Epididymo-orchitis in males | - Dysuria
- Scrotal swelling, pain, and tenderness with shininess of overlying skin
|
| Nephrolithiasis | - Flank pain, renal colic
- Gross or microscopic hematuria
|
| Urethral strictures | - Difficulty urinating
- Abnormal urine stream
|
| Systemic diseases |
| | - Conjunctivitis
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Rash
- Oral lesions (injected or fissured lips, injected pharynx, strawberry tongue)
- Erythema or edema of hands and feet
- Periungual desquamation
|
| | - Proteinuria, pyuria, and hematuria secondary to nephritis
|
| | |
- Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
| - Findings range from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to nephritic syndrome (gross hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, acute kidney injury)
|
Drugs, for example: - NSAIDs (eg, ibuprofen)
- Antibiotics (eg, penicillins, cephalosporins, TMP-SMX)
- Chemotherapeutic agents (eg, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate)
| - Hematuria secondary to interstitial nephritis
|
Neoplasms, for example: - Neuroblastoma
- Pelvic teratoma
- Wilms tumor
| - Urinary symptoms secondary to bladder compression
- Palpable abdominal/pelvic mass
- Hypertension
- Neurologic symptoms or signs
|
| Additional considerations in sexually active patients |
| Chemical cystitis | - Use of spermicidal agents
|
| Vaginitis (eg, candida infection, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis) | - Vaginal odor, discharge, pruritis
- Dyspareunia
|
| Cervicitis | - Purulent/mucopurulent endocervical discharge
- Intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding
- Pruritis
- Dyspareunia
- Vulvovaginal irritation
- Cervical motion tenderness, cervical friability, cervical edema
|
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | - Dysuria
- Abdominal pain
- Vaginal discharge
- Dyspareunia
- Constitutional symptoms
|
| Urethritis | - Pyuria without bacteriuria
- Sexual partner may have similar symptoms
|
