Version June 2024
| Cognitive bias | Description | Example |
| Framing effect | The influence of subtle clues or collateral information on clinician's perceptions | A patient with opioid use disorder and Crohn disease is framed as presenting with chronic abdominal pain requiring opioids, leading to late consideration of active Crohn disease as the etiology. |
| Anchoring/premature closure | Failure to consider alternative diagnoses after initial diagnosis is made | A patient presents with shortness of breath and rapid atrial fibrillation. The shortness of breath is attributed to symptomatic atrial fibrillation and rate control is initiated without further consideration of a precipitant or ordering of diagnostic tests. A pulmonary embolism is missed. |
| Availability bias | Predisposition to judge a diagnosis as more likely if it readily comes to mind | A patient presents with epigastric pain and troponin elevation and is admitted to the cardiology service. Given the greater prevalence of cardiac diagnoses, the patient is treated for an NSTEMI when cholecystitis is the true etiology. |
| Base-rate neglect | Tendency to underweight population prevalence when estimating pretest probability | A lactic acidosis is attributed to metformin in the setting of intrinsic acute kidney injury instead of hypoperfusion, causing both AKI and lactic acidosis. |
| Confirmation bias | Tendency to look for information that confirms a diagnosis and to ignore disconfirming information | A patient presents with a lupus flare and is treated with high-dose steroids. A few days later, she develops abdominal pain, which is attributed to lupus. She later develops hematemesis and at endoscopy and is found to have a bleeding gastric ulcer. |
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