Evaluation of prospective SCUBA diver for ischemic heart disease

SCUBA: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus; ECG: electrocardiogram.

* 45 years is suggested as an approximate guide, not a rigid threshold. Younger, unfit individuals with multiple risk factors require more thorough evaluation, while older, fit individuals with no risk factors may be at very low risk for diving-related complications.

¶ All cardiac risk models have advantages and disadvantages; no single risk model is appropriate for all patients. Ideally, clinicians should use a validated tool with which they are familiar and that is appropriate for the patient. Refer to UpToDate content discussing cardiac risk assessment.