Wheezing phenotypes and associated risk factors

Associated risk factors	Never/infrequent wheeze	Transient, early wheeze	Prolonged early wheeze	Intermediate-onset wheeze	Late-onset wheeze	Persistent wheeze
Parental history of asthma		X	X	X	X	XX
Male sex					X	X
Maternal smoking		X
Preterm birth						X
Increased BMI Z-score		X		X		X
Lower socioeconomic status						X
Older siblings		X				X
Daycare attendance		X
Atopic sensitization				XX	XX	XX
Atopic dermatitis		X			X	X
Eosinophilia in the first year of life				X		X
Genetic polymorphism ORMDL3						X
Asthma genetic score (IKZF3, GSDMB, ORMDL3 variants)				X		X
Low lung function in infancy		X				X
Low pre-bronchodilator lung function in school age		X	XX	XX	X	XX
Increased airway reactivity in school age				XX	XX	X

X = association; XX = strong association.

BMI: body mass index; ORMDL3: ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3; IKZF3: IKAROS family zinc finger 3; GSDMB: gasdermin B.

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