| Basic defect | Acquired causes | Hereditary causes |
| Arginine vasopressin deficiency |
| Deficiency in AVP synthesis or secretion | - Trauma (surgery and deceleration injury)
- Neoplasia (craniopharyngioma, meningioma, germinoma and metastases)
- Vascular (cerebral or hypothalamic hemorrhage and infarction or ligation of anterior communicating artery aneurysm)
- Granulomatous (histiocytosis and sarcoidosis)
- Infectious (meningitis, encephalitis and tuberculosis)
- Inflammatory or autoimmune (lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis and IgG4 neurohypophysitis)
- Drug or toxin exposure
- Osmoreceptor dysfunction (adipsic AVP deficiency)
- Others (hydrocephalus, ventricular or suprasellar cyst, and degenerative diseases)
- Idiopathic
| - Autosomal dominant: AVP mutations
- Autosomal recessive: AVP mutations
- Autosomal recessive: WFS1 mutations
- Autosomal recessive: PCSK1 mutations
- X-linked recessive: gene unknown
|
| Arginine vasopressin resistance |
| Reduced kidney sensitivity to antidiuretic effect of physiological AVP levels | - Drug exposure (lithium, demeclocycline, cisplatin, etc)
- Hypercalcemia or hypokalemia
- Infiltrating lesions (sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, multiple myeloma, etc)
- Vascular disorders (sickle cell anemia)
- Mechanical (polycystic kidney disease and urethral obstruction)
| - X-linked: AVPR2 mutations
- Autosomal recessive or dominant: AQP2 mutations
|
| Primary polydipsia |
| Excessive fluid intake at a diminished set point | - Psychosis intermittent hyponatremia-polydipsia (PIP) syndrome
- Compulsive water drinking
- Drugs (eg, synthetic cathinones, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [ecstasy])
- Health enthusiasts
- Dipsogenic* (idiopathic or similar lesions as with arginine vasopressin deficiency)
| None identified |
| Gestational arginine vasopressin disorder |
| Increased enzymatic metabolism of circulating AVP hormone | | NA |
