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خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
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Characteristic features of patients with cardiovascular or peripheral limitations to exercise, by etiology

Characteristic features of patients with cardiovascular or peripheral limitations to exercise, by etiology
  Anaerobic threshold HR response BP response Oxygen pulse Oxygenation Ventilatory efficiency Other features
Normal AT >40% predicted VO2max Max HR >90% predicted (220–age) SBP increase >20 to 30 mmHg; DBP increase <20 mmHg Peak O2 pulse >80% predicted; O2 pulse plateaus late in exercise
  • O2Sat >96% at rest, decreases <3% w/exercise
  • Peak A-a O2 difference <35
  • VE-VCO2 slope <32
  • VE/VCO2 nadir <34
  • PETCO2 >36 at rest and at AT
  • Normal OUES
  
Chronotropic incompetence Low AT Max HR <80% predicted chronotropic index <0.8* Typically normal Typically normal Normal Normal Frequently on beta-blockers or Ca2+-channel blockers
Cardiac ischemia Low AT Normal SBP may fall near peak exercise ↓ or ↓↓ Typically normal Normal or mildly abnormal Ischemic changes or arrhythmia on ECG
Left-sided heart failure Low AT Normal In severe cases, SBP may fail to augment or fall at peak exercise ↓↓ or ↓↓↓, early plateau Normal at rest; ↓O2Sat and ↑peak A-a O2 difference w/exercise when severe (with pulmonary vascular remodeling) Mildly-moderately abnormal, depending on severity of heart failure Exercise oscillatory ventilation, in severe disease
Peripheral vascular disease Low AT Normal DBP may increase >20 mmHg ↓ or ↓↓ Typically normal Normal to mildly abnormal  
Pulm HTN/right-sided heart failure Low AT Normal In severe cases, SBP may fail to augment or fall at peak exercise ↓↓ or ↓↓↓, early plateau ↓O2Sat (frequently at rest and always w/exercise); Peak A-a O2 difference >35 Severely abnormal  
Anemia Low AT Normal Normal May be mildly reduced Normal Normal to mildly abnormal; OUES is usually more impaired than other measures  
Deconditioning Low AT Normal Normal May be mildly reduced Normal Normal to mildly abnormal; OUES is usually more impaired than other measures  
Metabolic/mitochondrial myopathies Low AT Normal Normal May be mildly reduced Normal Normal to mildly abnormal; OUES is often significantly impaired compared with other measures  

A-a O2 difference: difference between alveolar and arterial oxygen partial pressures (mmHg); AT: anaerobic threshold; DBP: diastolic blood pressure (mmHg); ECG: electrocardiogram; HR: heart rate (beats/min); O2 pulse: oxygen pulse, oxygen uptake/HR (mL/beat); O2Sat: oxygen saturation (measured by pulse oximetry); OUES: O2 uptake efficiency slope; PETCO2: end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (mmHg); RR: respiratory rate (breaths/min); SBP: systolic blood pressure (mmHg); VD/VT: proportion of dead space ventilation (VD) per tidal volume breath (VT); VE: minute ventilation (L/min); VCO2: measurement of carbon dioxide output from the lungs (mL/minute); VO2max: maximum rate of oxygen consumption with exercise (mL/kg/min).

* Chronotropic index is defined by [HRpeak–HRrest]/[(220–age)–HRrest], where HRpeak and HRrest are the heart rate at peak exercise and at rest, respectively. The normal range is 0.8 to 1.3.

¶ Unless concomitant chronotropic incompetence.
Graphic 141717 Version 2.0

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