- Occult malignancy
- Cardiac tumors (eg, atrial myxoma)
- Intravascular lymphoma
- Substance use
- Endocarditis
- Cocaine, sympathomimetics
- Systemic/autoimmune
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sjögren's disease
- Behçet syndrome
- Pregnancy and puerperium
- Arteriopathy
- Moyamoya
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS)
- Focal cerebral arteriopathy
- Radiation-induced vasculopathy
- Varicella zoster virus and other viral vasculopathies
- Hematologic
- Sickle cell disease
- Arterial hypercoagulable states (eg, antiphospholipid syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia)
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Vasculitis
- Giant cell arteritis
- Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS)
- Takayasu arteritis
- Paraneoplastic
- Drug-induced
- Infectious
- Genetic
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
- Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
- Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL)
- Cathepsin A-related arteriopathy with strokes and leukoencephalopathy (CARASAL)
- Fabry disease
- Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S)
- Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
- Migraine
- Procedural/latrogenic
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