Version July 2025
| Demographics |
| Advanced age |
| Longer duration of COPD |
| Disease characteristics |
| History of COPD exacerbations |
| COPD-related hospitalization within the previous year |
| History of antibiotic treatment for respiratory disease |
| Productive cough |
| Chronic mucous hypersecretion |
| Elevated peripheral blood eosinophils (≥300 cells/microL) |
| More severe dyspnea or symptoms (eg, mMRC ≥2, CAT >10) |
| Severe airflow obstruction (FEV1 <30% predicted) |
| Use of theophylline |
| Medications causing sedation or respiratory depression |
| Opiates or opioids |
| Benzodiazepines |
| Gabapentinoids (eg, gabapentin, pregabalin) |
| Comorbid diseases |
| Concomitant asthma (asthma-COPD overlap) |
| Ischemic heart disease |
| Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| Pulmonary hypertension |
