- Older age
- Comorbidities (eg, active cancer, immunosuppression, chronic liver disease, severe alcohol use, poor nutrition)
| - Poor gas exchange (eg, severe hypoxemia or hypercapnia)
- Severe ARDS
- Infection
- Multiorgan failure
- Non-trauma-related ARDS
- Vascular dysfunction/lung water
| - Positive fluid balance
- Packed red blood cell transfusion
- Poor ICU resources
- Higher lung pressures
- Absence of low tidal volume ventilation
|