August 2025
| Well-established risk factors | Comments |
| Older age | Risk increases until 6th and 7th decade |
| Male sex | Risk increases in females post-menopause to equal rates in males |
| Obesity | The higher the body mass index, the higher the incidence |
| Craniofacial/structural differences | Examples include retrognathia, micrognathia, midfacial collapse, short mandibular size, wide craniofacial base, and tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy |
| Less well-established risk factors | Comments |
| Smoking | |
| Family history of snoring or OSA | Possibly genetic or environmentally related |
| Nasal congestion | An example is chronic rhinosinusitis |
| Associated conditions* | Comments |
| OHS | 90% of these patients have OSA |
| Cardiovascular disorders | In particular, resistant hypertension, heart failure, but also atrial fibrillation. Pulmonary hypertension is most prevalent in those with comorbid OHS; risk in the absence of OHS is low. |
| Chronic lung disease | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
| End-stage kidney disease | |
| Type 2 diabetes | |
| Stroke | |
| Pregnancy | |
| Acromegaly | |
| Hypothyroidism | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
| Parkinson disease | |
| Floppy eyelid syndrome | |
| Miscellaneous | Fibromyalgia, Barrett's esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, secondary polycythemia, Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Down syndrome |
OHS: obesity hypoventilation syndrome; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea.
* Several medical conditions are associated with OSA. These conditions may have an increased prevalence of OSA, but a causal link is unproven.
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