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Patient education: Choosing surgery to treat gallstones (The Basics)

Patient education: Choosing surgery to treat gallstones (The Basics)

What is the gallbladder? — The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that is tucked under the liver (figure 1). It stores bile, a fluid that is made in the liver and helps the body break down fat. When you eat a meal that has fat in it, the gallbladder empties the bile into a tube called the "bile duct." The bile duct carries the bile into the small intestine to help with digestion.

What are gallstones? — Gallstones are small stones that form inside the gallbladder. They can block the bile duct and cause symptoms like pain and nausea.

Should I have gallbladder removal surgery? — If you have gallstones, your doctor will talk to you about your options, including having your gallbladder removed. Your options depend on how large your gallstones are and whether they are causing symptoms. Your doctor will talk to you about the risks and benefits of the different treatments.

Gallbladder removal surgery is also called "cholecystectomy" (figure 2). There are 2 main ways to do this surgery:

Minimally invasive surgery – "Minimally invasive" surgery allows the doctor to make smaller cuts in the belly. They insert long, thin tools through the cuts. One of the tools has a camera (called a "laparoscope") on the end, which sends pictures to a TV screen. The doctor can look at the screen to see inside the belly. Then, they use the long tools to do the surgery. Minimally invasive surgery is the most common way a gallbladder is removed.

Open surgery – The surgeon makes an incision in your belly big enough to do the surgery directly.

In rare cases, the doctor might start with minimally invasive surgery, but have to change to open surgery.

What happens during gallbladder removal surgery? — Before surgery, your doctor will order tests. These usually include:

Blood tests

Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, to check for gallstones

For the surgery:

You will get "general anesthesia." This type of anesthesia makes you unconscious so you can't feel, see, or hear anything during the procedure.

The doctor will make 1 or more cuts in your skin, and remove your gallbladder. During surgery, they might also check for gallstones in the bile ducts.

Your recovery will depend on the type of surgery you have:

If you have minimally invasive surgery, you might be able to leave the hospital the same day you have surgery. If you have open surgery, you will probably stay in the hospital for several days.

After you go home, you will need to avoid heavy lifting, sports, and swimming for at least a week or 2. Your doctor or nurse will tell you exactly how long to avoid these activities.

What else should I know about gallbladder removal surgery? — Your doctor will talk to you about what to expect.

In some cases, a person will continue to have belly pain even after the gallbladder is removed.

The surgery does not affect digestion very much. But about half the people who have surgery have mild symptoms afterward, including loose bowel movements, gas, or bloating. These symptoms usually get better.

How do I know if gallbladder removal surgery is right for me? — To help you decide if gallbladder removal surgery is right for you, talk with your doctor or nurse. You can ask:

Do I need to have to surgery if my gallstones are not causing symptoms?

What are the benefits of the surgery?

What are the downsides to the surgery?

Are there other options besides having my gallbladder removed?

What happens if I do not have the surgery?

More on this topic

Patient education: Gallstones (The Basics)
Patient education: Acute pancreatitis (The Basics)
Patient education: Minimally invasive surgery (The Basics)
Patient education: Upper endoscopy (The Basics)
Patient education: HIDA scan (The Basics)
Patient education: Cholecystectomy (The Basics)

Patient education: Gallstones (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Acute pancreatitis (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: Chronic pancreatitis (Beyond the Basics)
Patient education: ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) (Beyond the Basics)

This topic retrieved from UpToDate on: Feb 02, 2024.
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